¿Políticas industriales (exitosas) sin capacidades estatales?: El caso “imposible” de la provincia de San Luis en la Argentina

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11/2022
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Universidad Nacional del Oeste. Instituto de Desarrollo Regional y de la Pequeña y Mediana Empresa
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2796-9967
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Resumen
En este artículo se muestra cómo un estado sin burocracia calificada ni enraizamiento en el sector privado transforma su estructura productiva mediante un bypass burocrático. Éste consiste en la delegación informal de competencias burocráticas a un agente no institucionalizado con la finalidad de realizar tareas que el aparato estatal no tiene capacidad de llevar a cabo y, de esa manera, promover la llegada de inversiones a su territorio. Dado que las políticas de desgravaciones y ventajas impositivas para la relocalización de empresas son una constante en todo el mundo, el uso de estas herramientas extra-burocráticas pueden ser utilizadas como una forma de promover el desarrollo económico en territorios desfavorecidos. En el caso de Argentina, estas políticas se canalizaron a través del régimen de promoción industrial regional que otorgó subsidios para relocalizar empresas en provincias económicamente deprimidas. Para comprobar el argumento se muestra, mediante un rastreo de proceso (process tracing), cómo el gobierno de una provincia periférica transformó su estructura productiva en un plazo de diez años (1982-1992), al radicar una cantidad ingente de industrias en su territorio por medio de un bypass a su administración pública.
This article shows how a state without a qualified bureaucracy or embeddedness in the private sector achieves the transformation of its productive structure by means of a bureaucratic bypass. This consists of the informal delegation of bureaucratic competencies to a non-institutionalized agent in order to perform tasks that the state apparatus does not have the capacity to carry out and, in this way, promote the arrival of investments in its territory. Since tax relief policies and tax advantages for the relocation of companies are a constant throughout the world, the use of these extra-bureaucratic tools can be used as a way to promote economic development in disadvantaged territories. In the case of Argentina, these policies were channeled through a regional industrial promotion regime that granted subsidies to relocate firms in economically depressed provinces. To test the argument, we show, by means of process tracing, how the government of a peripheral province transformed its productive structure in a period of ten years (1982-1992), by locating a huge number of industries in its territory through a bypass of its public administration.
This article shows how a state without a qualified bureaucracy or embeddedness in the private sector achieves the transformation of its productive structure by means of a bureaucratic bypass. This consists of the informal delegation of bureaucratic competencies to a non-institutionalized agent in order to perform tasks that the state apparatus does not have the capacity to carry out and, in this way, promote the arrival of investments in its territory. Since tax relief policies and tax advantages for the relocation of companies are a constant throughout the world, the use of these extra-bureaucratic tools can be used as a way to promote economic development in disadvantaged territories. In the case of Argentina, these policies were channeled through a regional industrial promotion regime that granted subsidies to relocate firms in economically depressed provinces. To test the argument, we show, by means of process tracing, how the government of a peripheral province transformed its productive structure in a period of ten years (1982-1992), by locating a huge number of industries in its territory through a bypass of its public administration.
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