Obstáculos para la coexistencia de modelos alternativos en agricultura: el caso del algodón en Argentina
; Van Zwanenberg, Patrick 
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Fecha
04/2015
Editorial
Instituto de Desarrollo Económico y Social
Revista
Desarrollo Económico
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0046-001X
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El modelo establecido de producción en la agricultura argentina desde fines de los ’70 consiste en la producción de cultivos poco diferenciados orientados al mercado de exportación utilizando tecnologías intensivas en capital y en insumos externos a la finca. Las semillas transgénicas y sus tecnologías asociadas son la última novedad tecnológica de este modelo que logró aumentar los rendimientos pero también generó problemas sociales y ambientales que llevaron a algunos referentes de la política pública a promover modelos alternativos de producción que agreguen valor en origen, que fomenten la inclusión y el empleo y que sean amigables con el medioambiente. No se espera que estos últimos reemplacen alestablecido, que es fuente de generación de divisas internacionales y de ingresos públicos y privados, sino que lo complemente, mejorando de esta forma la sostenibilidad ambiental y social de la producción agropecuaria. En este trabajo discutimos los problemas que enfrentan los modelos alternativos para emerger y consolidarse resaltando en particular los conflictos que aparecen en la coexistencia con el modelo establecido. Utilizamos el marco conceptual de los estudios sociotécnicos de transición y el caso del algodón transgénico y agroecológico en Argentina. La información proviene de talleres participativos con productores y entrevistas con diversos actores durante 2009-2013.
The established production model in Argentinean agriculture since the late 1970s supports cultivation of a small number of crops for export, using capital-intensive technologies and high levels of external, off-farm inputs. Transgenic seeds and their associated technologies are the latest development in this model which, whilst increasing productivity, has also created social and environmental problems. Those problems have resulted in public policy initiatives to promote alternative agricultural models that add value at origin, promote inclusion and employment, and that are more environmentally benign. Such alternative models are not expected to replace the established production model which has been a key source of foreign exchange and public and private income, but instead to complement it, thus improving the environmental and social sustainability of agricultural production. In this paper we discuss the problems faced by alternative models to emerge and consolidate, highlighting in particular the conflicts that appear in coexistence with the established model. We used the conceptual framework of socio-technical transition studies and the case of transgenic and agroecologicalcotton in Argentina as the empirical case study. The empirical information comes from participatory workshops with farmers and interviews conducted in the period 2009-2013.
The established production model in Argentinean agriculture since the late 1970s supports cultivation of a small number of crops for export, using capital-intensive technologies and high levels of external, off-farm inputs. Transgenic seeds and their associated technologies are the latest development in this model which, whilst increasing productivity, has also created social and environmental problems. Those problems have resulted in public policy initiatives to promote alternative agricultural models that add value at origin, promote inclusion and employment, and that are more environmentally benign. Such alternative models are not expected to replace the established production model which has been a key source of foreign exchange and public and private income, but instead to complement it, thus improving the environmental and social sustainability of agricultural production. In this paper we discuss the problems faced by alternative models to emerge and consolidate, highlighting in particular the conflicts that appear in coexistence with the established model. We used the conceptual framework of socio-technical transition studies and the case of transgenic and agroecologicalcotton in Argentina as the empirical case study. The empirical information comes from participatory workshops with farmers and interviews conducted in the period 2009-2013.
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