Challenges in the conservation of Antarctic cultural heritage: impact of fungal biodeterioration on Casa Moneta

Abstract

Antarctic cultural heritage, including historic wooden structures like Casa Moneta, is at risk of significant decay due to fungal activity exacerbated by extreme environmental conditions. Although initially thought to be protected by low temperatures and humidity, these structures are vulnerable to biodeterioration, particularly in moisture-rich and poorly ventilated areas. This study aimed to identify and characterize fungi affecting Casa Moneta’s wooden materials to guide conservation efforts. Using molecular and morphological techniques, fungi such as Cadophora luteo-olivacea, Penicillium corylophilum, and Hypochniciellum molle were identified as contributors to wood decay, with several strains exhibiting enzymatic activities linked to the degradation of lignocellulosic materials. These findings are essential for developing effective biodeterioration control measures and preserving this key symbol of early Antarctic exploration.