Los tres panópticos: análisis de las modulaciones del poder y las formas visuales de control entre la Modernidad y el siglo XXI

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Fecha
07/2018
Editorial
Universidad Abierta de Cataluña
Revista
Digithum
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1575-2275
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Español
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A partir de la Modernidad, con el avance de los dispositivos disciplinares del biopoder, se conforman dinámicas de subjetivación que explotan la dimensión de la visibilidad como herramienta de control. Luego de que Foucault conceptualizara el panoptismo como el principio de una anatomía política, diversos autores han extendido la categoría para analizar los modelos totalitarios o las nuevas formas de control cibernético. Este trabajo expone un análisis de las funcionalidades del poder desde el concepto de panoptismo. La tesis que se propone busca diferenciar tres etapas de la era moderna, en las cuales se han configurado diversos modos de panoptismo. Los principios del panóptico configuraron el ejercicio del poder a partir del siglo xviii: el control, la disciplina, la vigilancia y la centralización fueron sus ejes. Tres formas de panoptismos han marcado los últimos tres siglos: 1) el panóptico clásico de Bentham, 2) la trama de control de la sociedad de masas del siglo xx y 3) el panóptico digital del siglo xxi. El texto busca analizar los principios de cada uno de ellos. La exposición se divide en tres módulos: en primer lugar, se introducen categorías generales sobre las relaciones entre lo político, el poder, la idea de dispositivo y el concepto de panoptismo; en segundo lugar, se delimitan y analizan los tres panópticos; y, por último, se enfocan ciertos elementos específicos que marcan la complejidad del tercer panóptico y el horizonte del siglo XXI.
Starting from modernity, with the advancement of the disciplinary devices of biopower, dynamics of subjectivation that use the dimension of visibility as a control tool have been created. Since Foucault conceptualized the panoptism as the principle of a political anatomy, several authors have extended the category to analyze totalitarian models and new forms of cybernetic control. This paper presents an analysis of the functionalities of power from the concept of panoptism. The proposed thesis seeks to differentiate three stages of the modern era, in which different modes of panoptism have been configured. The principles of the panopticon configured the exercise of power from the 18th century: control, discipline, surveillance and centralization were their axes. Three forms of panoptism have marked the last three centuries: 1) the classic panopticon of Bentham, 2) the control of mass media in society in the 20th century and 3) the digital panopticon of the 21st century. The paper seeks to analyze the principles of each one of them. The presentation is divided into three modules: first, general categories are introduced regarding the relationships between politics, power, the idea of device and the concept of panoptism; secondly, the three forms of the panopticon are delimited and analyzed; and finally there is a focus on certain specific elements that mark the complexity of the third panopticon and the horizon of the 21st century.
Starting from modernity, with the advancement of the disciplinary devices of biopower, dynamics of subjectivation that use the dimension of visibility as a control tool have been created. Since Foucault conceptualized the panoptism as the principle of a political anatomy, several authors have extended the category to analyze totalitarian models and new forms of cybernetic control. This paper presents an analysis of the functionalities of power from the concept of panoptism. The proposed thesis seeks to differentiate three stages of the modern era, in which different modes of panoptism have been configured. The principles of the panopticon configured the exercise of power from the 18th century: control, discipline, surveillance and centralization were their axes. Three forms of panoptism have marked the last three centuries: 1) the classic panopticon of Bentham, 2) the control of mass media in society in the 20th century and 3) the digital panopticon of the 21st century. The paper seeks to analyze the principles of each one of them. The presentation is divided into three modules: first, general categories are introduced regarding the relationships between politics, power, the idea of device and the concept of panoptism; secondly, the three forms of the panopticon are delimited and analyzed; and finally there is a focus on certain specific elements that mark the complexity of the third panopticon and the horizon of the 21st century.
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