Recortar la cuenca en los papeles: Fragmentación espacial y política en las evaluaciones de impacto de obras de infraestructura estratégica

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Fecha
06/2023
Editorial
Universidad de Santiago de Chile. Instituto de Estudios Avanzados
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Revista de Estudios Avanzados
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Institución organizadora
ISSN
0718-5014
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Español
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Resumen
La infraestructura es requisito para competir en una economía global. En Latinoamérica, dicho requisito se tradujo, en las últimas décadas, en múltiples proyectos alentados por inversiones extranjeras, modelos de finanza y organismos internacionales de desarrollo. Ahora bien, asociados a esos proyectos, se generaron disputas por la apropiación de recursos, el ordenamiento territorial y los impactos ambientales y sociales de los mismos. Esto llevó a que se impulsaran cambios en materia de gobernanza ambiental para disminuir la fricción social, entre ellos, la implementación de modelos tecnocráticos como la Evaluación de Impacto Ambiental. Sin embargo, tales modelos se volvieron también objeto de pugnas políticas y éticas. ¿Cuáles son las particularidades de esas pugnas? ¿Qué es lo que producen en el devenir de los proyectos? Este texto avanza sobre esos interrogantes con foco en dos proyectos de México y Argentina: un nuevo aeropuerto y una represa hidroeléctrica. A esos fines, retomamos observaciones etnográficas y entrevistas y revisamos documentos de evaluación ambiental y resoluciones emitidas por autoridades ambientales. Nuestra hipótesis es que estos documentos producen formas de inclusión y exclusión configurando una lógica política que ayuda a explicar las disputas técnicas sobre los proyectos de infraestructura en Latinoamérica.
Infrastructure is a requirement for global economic competitiveness. In Latin America, in recent decades, this requirement has given rise to multiple projects influenced by foreign investment and finance models and international development organizations. However, these projects also generated disputes around resource appropriation, land use changes, and their environmental and social impacts. To reduce social friction, technocratic models of environmental governance have been implemented, such as Environmental Impact Assessment. Far from resolving the conflicts, these models became the object of political and ethical struggles. What are the peculiarities of these struggles? How do they impact project planning and implementation? Our analysis focuses on two infrastructure projects in Mexico and Argentina: An international airport and a hydroelectric dam. We revisit ethnographic observations and interviews with different actors involved with the projects. We also analyze documents, resolutions issued by environmental authorities, and critical reports on them. The forms of inclusion and exclusion that we detect in these documents constitute a political logic that helps to explain the form and content of the technical disputes that arise from infrastructure projects in Latin America.
Infrastructure is a requirement for global economic competitiveness. In Latin America, in recent decades, this requirement has given rise to multiple projects influenced by foreign investment and finance models and international development organizations. However, these projects also generated disputes around resource appropriation, land use changes, and their environmental and social impacts. To reduce social friction, technocratic models of environmental governance have been implemented, such as Environmental Impact Assessment. Far from resolving the conflicts, these models became the object of political and ethical struggles. What are the peculiarities of these struggles? How do they impact project planning and implementation? Our analysis focuses on two infrastructure projects in Mexico and Argentina: An international airport and a hydroelectric dam. We revisit ethnographic observations and interviews with different actors involved with the projects. We also analyze documents, resolutions issued by environmental authorities, and critical reports on them. The forms of inclusion and exclusion that we detect in these documents constitute a political logic that helps to explain the form and content of the technical disputes that arise from infrastructure projects in Latin America.
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