Clases populares en Argentina: cambios recientes en su composición ocupacional (1998-2015)
; Stiberman, Laura Otros responsables
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11/2017
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Universidad de Salamanca
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2174-6753
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El objetivo del artículo es analizar la evolución del volumen y composición de las clases populares entre 1998 y 2015 a partir de la identificación de fracciones según tipo de inserción ocupacional, la calificación laboral y la condición de registro en la seguridad social. En Argentina, la existencia de una extensa clase obrera urbana con niveles altos de sindicalización y un artesanado cuentapropista calificado fueron rasgos distintivos del mundo popular en el período 1940-1976. La desindustrialización y la contracción del mercado de trabajo formal en el último cuarto del siglo XX generaron una fragmentación del mundo popular urbano, al abrir una distancia entre el núcleo de trabajadores asalariados y un amplio sector de trabajadores precarios. Esta transformación fue conceptualizada como “el pasaje de la fábrica al barrio”, condensando toda una mutación en el proceso de estructuración de las clases populares. En el período 2003-2015, el proceso de intenso crecimiento económico impulsado por la recuperación del sector productivo indujo el incremento sustantivo del empleo asalariado registrado en la seguridad social. En contraste con estudios que plantean procesos de marginalización creciente, la hipótesis de trabajo del artículo es que sobre este plafón la clase obrera calificada y registrada volvió a constituirse en el núcleo más dinámico de las clases populares. Se analizan fuentes estadísticas secundarias: las bases del Sistema Integrado Provisional Argentino de 1998 a 2015 y la Encuesta Permanente de Hogares. Las pautas observadas muestran el incremento en el peso relativo de la clase obrera calificada y registrada favoreciendo procesos de movilidad ascendente al interior de las clases populares.
The main purpose of this paper is to analyze the evolution of the volume and the composition of the popular classes between 1998 and 2015, identifying fractions by type of occupational insertion (salaried or self-employed), the labor qualification and the condition of registration in the social security. In Argentina, the existence of a wide urban working class with high levels of unionization and a self-employed qualified craft sector were the distinctive features of the urban popular atmosphere in the 1940-1976 period. The deindustrialization and the contraction of the formal labor market in the last quarter of the XX century breed a fragmentation of that popular urban world, widening the distances between the center of the salaried workers and a large sector of precarious workers. This transformation was conceptualized as “the passage from the industry to the neighborhood”, implying a whole transformation in the process of structuration of the popular classes. In the 2003-2015 period, the intense process of economic growth driven by the recuperation of the productive sector induced a significant increase in the salaried employment registered in the social security. Contrastingly with other studies that state that there had taken place a process of increasing marginalization, the hypothesis of this article is that it was over this base that the qualified and registered working class becomes again the most dynamic center of the popular classes. We will analyze secondary statistical sources: the databases of the Argentinian Integrated Provisional System from 1998 to 2015 and the Permanent Household Survey. The observed patterns show an increase in the relative weight of the qualified and registered working class, promoting process of ascendant mobility within the popular classes.
The main purpose of this paper is to analyze the evolution of the volume and the composition of the popular classes between 1998 and 2015, identifying fractions by type of occupational insertion (salaried or self-employed), the labor qualification and the condition of registration in the social security. In Argentina, the existence of a wide urban working class with high levels of unionization and a self-employed qualified craft sector were the distinctive features of the urban popular atmosphere in the 1940-1976 period. The deindustrialization and the contraction of the formal labor market in the last quarter of the XX century breed a fragmentation of that popular urban world, widening the distances between the center of the salaried workers and a large sector of precarious workers. This transformation was conceptualized as “the passage from the industry to the neighborhood”, implying a whole transformation in the process of structuration of the popular classes. In the 2003-2015 period, the intense process of economic growth driven by the recuperation of the productive sector induced a significant increase in the salaried employment registered in the social security. Contrastingly with other studies that state that there had taken place a process of increasing marginalization, the hypothesis of this article is that it was over this base that the qualified and registered working class becomes again the most dynamic center of the popular classes. We will analyze secondary statistical sources: the databases of the Argentinian Integrated Provisional System from 1998 to 2015 and the Permanent Household Survey. The observed patterns show an increase in the relative weight of the qualified and registered working class, promoting process of ascendant mobility within the popular classes.
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