Strategies for the direct coupling of sampling and sample preparation to ambient mass spectrometry

Abstract

This chapter explores the integration of sampling and sample preparation techniques with ambient mass spectrometry, emphasizing the evolution of direct-to-MS methods. Mass spectrometry has gained prominence in diverse fields due to its ability to analyze complex samples with minimal preparation. The manuscript also introduces various hyphenation strategies that combine sampling and sample preparation with different ionization techniques, such as electrospray, thermal, laser, and discharge-based mechanisms. It highlights the importance of effective analyte extraction and concentration, addressing challenges like matrix effects that can influence analytical outcomes. It discusses the fundamentals of applied ionization mechanisms and technical details on how interfaces between sample preparation and mass spectrometry work, showing their advantages and limitations. Finally, recent advancements in microextraction techniques, automation and interface development are discussed, offering insights into their potential to enhance sensitivity, selectivity, and throughput in MS applications.