Segregación social y equidad educativa en Chile y Argentina
; Beech, Jason
; Nigro, Malena Otros responsables
Fecha
12/2021
Editorial
Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia
Revista
Revista Española de Educación Comparada
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ISSN
2174-5382
eISSN
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Resumen
El propósito de este artículo consiste en comparar los niveles de segregación social en los sistemas educativos de Chile y Argentina y su relación con el acceso equitativo al saber escolarizado en ambos países. Complementariamente, nos proponemos explorar si las políticas de financiamiento de la educación orientadas por la lógica de libre mercado aplicadas en Chile, generaron niveles excepcionales de segregación social en comparación con Argentina, país en el que las políticas de financiación educativa preservaron la centralidad de la educación pública y gratuita. El análisis se realiza mediante el uso de brechas percentílicas en base a los datos PISA 2012. Se estiman los niveles de segregación según el nivel educativo de los padres, el porcentaje de estudiantes en las escuelas con mayores niveles de segregación y la asociación entre los niveles de segregación y el desempeño de los estudiantes en las Pruebas. El estudio muestra patrones de segregación complejos. En Chile los grados de segregación son mayores, pero la proporción de población en escuelas con alta segregación es baja y hay mayor equidad en la distribución del conocimiento. En Argentina hay menores grados de segregación, pero la proporción de la población en escuelas con alta segregación es mayor y hay mayor heterogeneidad en el acceso al conocimiento. Los patrones de segregación encontrados muestran matices que no confirman plenamente la hipótesis de partida. En este sentido, sugieren que la segregación social se daría con o sin mecanismos de mercado. Estos últimos no necesariamente introducen mayores niveles de inequidad y las formas y niveles de desigualdad varían según los aspectos o dimensiones del sistema educativo que se consideren.
The purpose of this article is to compare the levels of social segregation in the educational systems of Chile and Argentina and their relationship with equitable access to schooled knowledge in both countries. Based on this comparison, we will explore if the policies based on a ‘free market’ implemented in Chile generated exceptional levels of social segregation and inequalities in access to school knowledge when compared to Argentina, where education policies have retained the principle of public and free education with no selectivity. The analysis is carried out through the use of percentile gaps based on PISA 2012 data. The levels of segregation are estimated according to the educational level of parents, the percentage of students in schools with higher levels of segregation and the association between the levels of segregation and the performance of the students in the Tests. Result: the study shows complex segregation patterns. In Chile the degrees of segregation are higher, but the proportion of the population in highly segregated schools is low and there is greater equity in the distribution of knowledge. On the other hand, in Argentina there are lower degrees of segregation, but the proportion of the population in highly segregated schools is higher and there is greater heterogeneity in access to knowledge. The patterns of segregation found show nuances that do not fully confirm the initial hypothesis, but rather suggest that social segregation would occur with or without market mechanisms, that the latter do not necessarily introduce higher levels of inequity and that the forms and levels of inequality vary according to the aspects or dimensions of the educational system that are considered.
The purpose of this article is to compare the levels of social segregation in the educational systems of Chile and Argentina and their relationship with equitable access to schooled knowledge in both countries. Based on this comparison, we will explore if the policies based on a ‘free market’ implemented in Chile generated exceptional levels of social segregation and inequalities in access to school knowledge when compared to Argentina, where education policies have retained the principle of public and free education with no selectivity. The analysis is carried out through the use of percentile gaps based on PISA 2012 data. The levels of segregation are estimated according to the educational level of parents, the percentage of students in schools with higher levels of segregation and the association between the levels of segregation and the performance of the students in the Tests. Result: the study shows complex segregation patterns. In Chile the degrees of segregation are higher, but the proportion of the population in highly segregated schools is low and there is greater equity in the distribution of knowledge. On the other hand, in Argentina there are lower degrees of segregation, but the proportion of the population in highly segregated schools is higher and there is greater heterogeneity in access to knowledge. The patterns of segregation found show nuances that do not fully confirm the initial hypothesis, but rather suggest that social segregation would occur with or without market mechanisms, that the latter do not necessarily introduce higher levels of inequity and that the forms and levels of inequality vary according to the aspects or dimensions of the educational system that are considered.
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