Water, Silt and Dams: Prehispanic Geological Storage in the Cordillera Negra, North-Central Andes, Peru

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Fecha
06/2017
Editorial
Ministerio del Ambiente. Instituto Nacional de Investigación en Glaciares y Ecosistemas de Montaña
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Revista de Glaciares y Ecosistemas de Montaña
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2519-7649
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En las últimas décadas, hubo un importante incremento en la construcción de microrepresas a lo largo de la Cordillera Negra, Andes Norcentrales del Perú. Debido a las dificultades en mantener un flujo regular de agua, especialmente durante la estación seca, esto constituye una respuesta lógica a una necesidad urgente. Sin embargo, la falta de agua no es un fenómeno moderno, es un problema de larga data que se abordó de forma similar en el pasado. Por lo tanto, el conocimiento del paisaje y las habilidades indígenas llevaron a la selección de sitios para hacer represas. Los ingenieros modernos han seguido su ejemplo, de modo que las microrepresas usualmente ocupan los mismos espacios que las que fueron realizadas en contextos prehispánicos. Además de la obvia destrucción del patrimonio cultural – generalmente sin un estudio arqueológico apropiado – existe otro problema con esta política: no todas las antiguas represas reconstruidas en la actualidad fueron originalmente hechas para retener solamente agua. A partir de un profundo conocimiento del ambiente andino, las poblaciones humanas adaptaron y alteraron la tierra que los rodeaba. Con este objetivo, además de las represas para contener el agua, se construyeron otras estructuras como las represas para retener limo. Si bien son exteriormente similares a las represas hidráulicas, las estructuras para contener limo tuvieron un propósito muy distinto. Estas represas permitieron controlar y acumular flujos de limo y otros sedimentos, lo cual fomentó un microclima de tipo bofedal, al mismo tiempo que retenían y purificaban el agua contenida en el limo. Actualmente, estas estructuras únicas se encuentran amenazadas por ingenieros con escasa comprensión del verdadero propósito de estos monumentos hidráulicos. Este artículo describe estas represas para controlar y acumular limo, usando un caso de estudio del valle alto de Nepeña, principalmente su forma y función.
Over the past few decades there has been an increasing interest in building micro-dams across the whole of the Cordillera Negra, North-Central Andes, Peru. Given the difficulties in maintaining a regular flow of water, especially during the dry season, it is a logical response to a pressing need. Yet, lack of water is not a modern phenomenon, it is a long-standing problem that was tackled in a similar fashion in the past. Then, indigenous skill and landscape knowhow informed the selection of sites for damming. Modern engineers have followed their lead, such that present-day micro-dams often occupy the same space as the prehispanic ones. Aside from the obvious destruction of cultural heritage – usually without a proper archaeological survey – there is one other problem with this policy: not all the old dams which are now being reconstructed were built for retaining just water. With an intimate knowledge of their Andean environment, humans adapted and altered the land around them. To this end, alongside water dams, other structures were built, such as silt dams. Although outwardly like water dams, silt dams evinced a very different purpose. These structures acted as large check dams which accumulated run-off silt and other sediments, fostering a bofedal-type microclimate, while likewise trapping and purifying water within the silt. Nowadays, these unique structures are under threat from engineers with little understanding of the true purpose of these hydraulic monuments. This article describes these silt dams, using a case-study from the Upper Nepeña Valley, their form and function.
Over the past few decades there has been an increasing interest in building micro-dams across the whole of the Cordillera Negra, North-Central Andes, Peru. Given the difficulties in maintaining a regular flow of water, especially during the dry season, it is a logical response to a pressing need. Yet, lack of water is not a modern phenomenon, it is a long-standing problem that was tackled in a similar fashion in the past. Then, indigenous skill and landscape knowhow informed the selection of sites for damming. Modern engineers have followed their lead, such that present-day micro-dams often occupy the same space as the prehispanic ones. Aside from the obvious destruction of cultural heritage – usually without a proper archaeological survey – there is one other problem with this policy: not all the old dams which are now being reconstructed were built for retaining just water. With an intimate knowledge of their Andean environment, humans adapted and altered the land around them. To this end, alongside water dams, other structures were built, such as silt dams. Although outwardly like water dams, silt dams evinced a very different purpose. These structures acted as large check dams which accumulated run-off silt and other sediments, fostering a bofedal-type microclimate, while likewise trapping and purifying water within the silt. Nowadays, these unique structures are under threat from engineers with little understanding of the true purpose of these hydraulic monuments. This article describes these silt dams, using a case-study from the Upper Nepeña Valley, their form and function.
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