PCR en tiempo real (qPCR): una herramienta útil en el control del virus de la leucosis bovina (BLV)
; Lendez, Pamela Anahí
; Nieto Farías, María Victoria
; Ceriani, Maria Carolina
; Dolcini, Guillermina Laura 
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03/2022
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Brazilian Journals Publicações de Periódicos
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Brazilian Journal of Animal and Environmental Research
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2595-573X
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El virus de la leucosis bovina (BLV) es el agente etiológico de la leucosis enzoótica bovina (LEB), la enfermedad neoplásica más común del ganado bovino, caracterizada por presentar una expansión policlonal benigna de linfocitos B circulantes en sangre periférica durante los primeros años postinfección que puede progresar a un estado tumoral causando la muerte del animal, o mantenerse este estado pre-leucémico durante toda la vida del animal, generando una función inmunológica anormal. BLV infecta al ganado en todo el mundo, generando un impacto económico importante en la industria del ganado lechero. Desde principios de los `90, haciendo uso de técnicas hematológicas, se han clasificado los animales infectados con BLV en linfocitóticos (LP) o asintomáticos. Sin embargo, a partir de técnicas moleculares como la PCR, en las últimas décadas se han clasificado los animales infectados según su carga proviral, permitiendo distinguir dos grupos bien definidos donde todos los animales LP presentan alta carga proviral (ACPV), mientras que los animales asintomáticos pueden presentar ACPV o baja carga proviral (BCPV). Actualmente, diferentes variantes de PCR en tiempo real (qPCR) se han utilizado para determinar la carga proviral (cuantificación absoluta), así como también realizar estudios de expresión de genes involucrados en la respuesta inmune (cuantificación relativa) en los animales infectados. Haciendo uso de estas herramientas, hemos construido un perfil inmunológico de los animales de BCPV, a los que denominamos “controladores”, ya que logran controlar la infección a nivel sistémico y de glándula mamaria, siendo menos eficientes para transmitir el virus, y cuyas células presentan un estado proapoptótico y anti-proliferativo. Nuestros resultados sugieren que la determinación de la carga proviral del BLV por qPCR es una herramienta útil para monitorear la propagación de la infección, a ser utilizada como una medida de control eficiente y factible, reemplazando a los animales infectados que desarrollan ACPV por animales “controladores”.
Bovine leukosis virus (BLV) is the etiological agent of enzootic bovine leukosis (EBL), the most common neoplastic disease of cattle, characterized by a benign polyclonal expansion of circulating B lymphocytes in peripheral blood during the early years post-infection that can progress to a tumor state causing the death of the animal or maintain this pre-leukemic state throughout the life of the animal, generating an abnormal immune function. BLV infects cattle worldwide, generating a significant economic impact on the dairy cattle industry. Since the early 1990s, using hematological techniques, BLV-infected animals have been classified as lymphocytotic (LP) or asymptomatic. However, based on molecular techniques such as PCR, infected animals have been classified according to their proviral load in recent decades, allowing two well-defined groups to be distinguished where all LP animals have a high proviral load (ACPV). In contrast, asymptomatic animals may have ACPV or low proviral load (BCPV). Currently, different variants of real-time PCR (qPCR) have been used to determine the proviral load (absolute quantification), as well as to perform genes expression studies involved in the immune response (relative quantification) in infected animals. Using these tools, we have built an immunological profile of the BCPV animals, which we call “controllers,” since they manage to control the infection at the systemic and mammary gland level, being less efficient to transmit the virus, and whose cells present a pro-apoptotic and anti-proliferative state. Our results suggest that the determination of BLV proviral load by qPCR is an useful tool to monitor the spread of the infection, to be used as an efficient and feasible control measure, replacing infected animals that develop ACPV by “controller” animals.
Bovine leukosis virus (BLV) is the etiological agent of enzootic bovine leukosis (EBL), the most common neoplastic disease of cattle, characterized by a benign polyclonal expansion of circulating B lymphocytes in peripheral blood during the early years post-infection that can progress to a tumor state causing the death of the animal or maintain this pre-leukemic state throughout the life of the animal, generating an abnormal immune function. BLV infects cattle worldwide, generating a significant economic impact on the dairy cattle industry. Since the early 1990s, using hematological techniques, BLV-infected animals have been classified as lymphocytotic (LP) or asymptomatic. However, based on molecular techniques such as PCR, infected animals have been classified according to their proviral load in recent decades, allowing two well-defined groups to be distinguished where all LP animals have a high proviral load (ACPV). In contrast, asymptomatic animals may have ACPV or low proviral load (BCPV). Currently, different variants of real-time PCR (qPCR) have been used to determine the proviral load (absolute quantification), as well as to perform genes expression studies involved in the immune response (relative quantification) in infected animals. Using these tools, we have built an immunological profile of the BCPV animals, which we call “controllers,” since they manage to control the infection at the systemic and mammary gland level, being less efficient to transmit the virus, and whose cells present a pro-apoptotic and anti-proliferative state. Our results suggest that the determination of BLV proviral load by qPCR is an useful tool to monitor the spread of the infection, to be used as an efficient and feasible control measure, replacing infected animals that develop ACPV by “controller” animals.
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