El pasado criminal en los estrados judiciales argentinos: Justicia penal y memoria(s) sobre la dictadura en Argentina (1985-2023)

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Fecha
09/2025
Editorial
Universidad Nacional de la Plata
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Sociohistórica
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1852-1606
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Español
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Resumen
Entre 1985 y 2023 se realizaron en Argentina numerosos juicios penales con el objetivo de indagar en los crímenes cometidos durante la última dictadura militar (1976-1983). Desde entonces comparecieron ante los tribunales miles de testigos y se produjeron trescientas veinticinco sentencias con más de mil cien represores condenados, constituyendo el caso argentino uno de los más emblemáticos a nivel mundial con relación al tratamiento judicial de experiencias de violencia extrema. El objetivo de este artículo es indagar en un aspecto poco explorado por la bibliografía especializada en relación al caso argentino: las transformaciones en los modos de tratar el pasado dictatorial que se dieron cita en el escenario judicial y su vínculo con las luchas por la memoria social en Argentina. Pudimos observar cómo los distintos ciclos de persecución penal convergieron y tensionaron el régimen de memoria social que se estructuró desde mediados de los años 80 centrado en la idea de víctima inocente y en el accionar terrorista del Estado. La conclusión principal es que el repertorio de temas que se abordaron en los juicios penales permitió la ruptura de silencios y olvidos acerca del pasado de terrorismo de Estado. Principalmente se trabajó con fuentes judiciales, documentos y recortes periodísticos.
Between 1985 and 2023, numerous criminal trials were held in Argentina to investigate crimes committed during the last military dictatorship (1976- 1983). Based on this trial experience, thousands of witnesses appeared before the courts, and 325 sentences were issued, with more than 1,100 repressors convicted. The Argentine case constitutes one of the most emblematic worldwide in relation to the judicial treatment of experiences of extreme violence. The objective of this article is to investigate an aspect little explored by specialized literature on the Argentine case: the transformations in the ways of dealing with the dictatorial past that occurred in the judicial arena and their connection to the struggles for social memory in Argentina. We were able to observe how the different cycles of criminal prosecution converged and strained the regime of social memory that was structured since the mid-1980s, centered on the idea of the innocent victim and the terrorist actions of the State. The main conclusion is that the range of topics addressed in the criminal trials gradually broke the silence and neglect regarding the past of state terrorism. The work was primarily based on judicial sources, documents, and newspaper clippings.
Between 1985 and 2023, numerous criminal trials were held in Argentina to investigate crimes committed during the last military dictatorship (1976- 1983). Based on this trial experience, thousands of witnesses appeared before the courts, and 325 sentences were issued, with more than 1,100 repressors convicted. The Argentine case constitutes one of the most emblematic worldwide in relation to the judicial treatment of experiences of extreme violence. The objective of this article is to investigate an aspect little explored by specialized literature on the Argentine case: the transformations in the ways of dealing with the dictatorial past that occurred in the judicial arena and their connection to the struggles for social memory in Argentina. We were able to observe how the different cycles of criminal prosecution converged and strained the regime of social memory that was structured since the mid-1980s, centered on the idea of the innocent victim and the terrorist actions of the State. The main conclusion is that the range of topics addressed in the criminal trials gradually broke the silence and neglect regarding the past of state terrorism. The work was primarily based on judicial sources, documents, and newspaper clippings.
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