Emergence of Microplastics in the Aquatic Ecosystems: Sources and Their Characteristics

Abstract

The increasing demand for petroleum-based resins has led to a significant rise in plastic production, reaching approximately 368 million tons in 2019. Despite the expected tripling of production by 2059, the environmental impact of plastics is alarming, particularly regarding their long-term threats to marine and freshwater ecosystems. Plastics contribute to habitat destruction by depleting oxygen and light in coastal areas, with microplastics (MPs) becoming the most prevalent form of pollution, accounting for at least 85% of marine litter. Microplastics are categorized by size and shape, with microfibers (MFs) being a major concern due to their widespread presence and slow degradation rates. They originate from various sources, including textiles and fishing activities. Tire wear particles (TWPs), another significant contributor to microplastic pollution, are generated from tire abrasion on road surfaces. These particles can accumulate in aquatic environments, posing risks to marine organisms and potentially entering the food chain. The complexity of microplastics’ behavior and their interactions with ecosystems necessitate improved sampling methods to better understand their distribution and ecological impacts. Collaborative efforts among governments, industries, and scientists are essential to mitigate the release of these pollutants and protect aquatic ecosystems.