Tratamientos específicos en poliquistosis renal autosómica dominante: Una biología compleja y una enfermedad de larga duración
; Fraga, Adriana Raquel
; Fragale, Guillermo ; Cestari, Jorge ; Martínez, María F. ; Arrizurieta, Elvira
; Azurmendi, Pablo Javier 
Otros responsables
Fecha
06/2011
Editorial
Asociación Regional de Diálisis y Trasplantes Renales
Revista
Revista de Nefrología, Diálisis y Trasplante
Título del libro
Nombre del evento
Fecha del evento
Institución organizadora
ISSN
0326-3428
eISSN
2346-8548
ISBN
Idioma
Español
Tipo del evento
Clasificación temática
Palabras clave
Poliquistosis Renal , Adpkd , Pkd1 , Pkd2 , Pc1 , Pc2 , Ampc , Mtor , Vasopresina , Irc , Ca2+ , Fg , Opc31260 , Tolvaptan , Everolimus , Sirolimus , Octeotride
Resumen
ADPKD es ocasionada por mutaciones en los genes PKD1 y PKD2. Sus dos proteínas, las policistinas 1 y 2, asientan en el cilium primario inmóvil de cada célula y contribuyen a través de su función mecanosensora a una señalización normal del calcio intracelular (Ca2+). Los quistes renales crecen por un doble proceso epitelial, secreción aumentada de fluidos y mayor proliferación, productos del aumento del AMPc intracelular. En esta línea de hallazgos, se demostró en animales que el uso de un inhibidor del receptor V2 (OPC-31260) de la vasopresina endógena, disminuye el aumento del volumen renal y de los quistes y preserva el filtrado glomerular (FG). Por otro lado, la inhibición de la proteína kinasa mTOR (mamalian target of rapamycin), que regula múltiples funciones celulares e integra la información que llega de vías que incluyen la insulina, factores de crecimiento y mitógenos, también se demostró efectiva en modelos animales. En base a estos datos, se inició un ensayo clínico en fase III (Estudio TEMPO) con el inhibidor OPC-31260 (Tolvaptan) del receptor V2 de la vasopresina. No existen todavía datos preliminares de su influencia sobre el crecimiento del volumen renal y el FG, pero disminuye la reabsorción de agua libre y causa diabetes insípida nefrogénica parcial por su acción sobre el receptor V2. Enfoques similares sobre la inhibición del contenido de AMPc intracelular pueden lograrse en humanos con la somatostatina y su análogo de acción prolongada octeotride. Los estudios en humanos con inhibidores de mTOR (everolimus y sirolimus) mostraron disminución del volumen renal pero con mayor declinación del FG en el primer caso y no diferencias en esos índices en el segundo. En conclusión, si bien los modelos animales han provisto un enfoque racional para los ensayos clínicos en humanos, son necesarios nuevos protocolos que estimen cuándo comenzar el tratamiento, cómo evaluar la “etapa biológica” de la enfermedad y qué marcadores de eficacia son necesarios en una enfermedad de larga duración como ADPKD.
ADPKD is caused by mutations in the PKD1 and PKD2 genes. The two codified proteins, polycystins 1 and 2, are localized in the primary non-motil cilium and contribute through its mechanosensorial function to a normal signal process in the intracellular calcium (Ca2+) machinery. Renal cysts grow by a double epithelial process of increase in both fluid secretion and cell proliferation, fuelled both by a high intracellular cAMP. Along all these findings, it was also demonstrated in animal PKD models that an inhibitor of the endogenous vasopressin V2 receptor slowed the increase of renal volume and preserved the glomerular filtration rate (GFR). Besides this, the kinase-protein mTOR (mamalian target of rapamycin), that regulates multiple cellular functions and integrates information coming from a variety of growth factors and mitogens was also effective in ameliorating the course of the disease in animal PKD models. Upon all this data, a double-blind phase III clinical trial was started (TEMPO) with an inhibitor of the V2-vasopressin receptor OPC-31260 (Tolvaptan). No data are available at present on the influence of Tolvaptan on both renal volume and GFR. Similar approaches pointing to inhibit the AMPc intracellular content have been used in humans with somatostatin and its long-acting analogous octeotride, with preliminary benefits. Published results in humans with the mTOR inhibitors everolimus showed a slower pace in the growth rate of renal volume without concurrent changes in GFR. No beneficial changes were observed with the use of sirolimus. In summary, different animal models have provided a rational approach for planning clinical trials with different compounds. It is still necessary to get new data that permit the development of a new stage of carefully designed trials. This should permit to define questions as when to start treatment, how to evaluate the “biological” stage of the disease and which markers should be used to assess treatment effectiveness in a long-life disease as ADPKD.
ADPKD is caused by mutations in the PKD1 and PKD2 genes. The two codified proteins, polycystins 1 and 2, are localized in the primary non-motil cilium and contribute through its mechanosensorial function to a normal signal process in the intracellular calcium (Ca2+) machinery. Renal cysts grow by a double epithelial process of increase in both fluid secretion and cell proliferation, fuelled both by a high intracellular cAMP. Along all these findings, it was also demonstrated in animal PKD models that an inhibitor of the endogenous vasopressin V2 receptor slowed the increase of renal volume and preserved the glomerular filtration rate (GFR). Besides this, the kinase-protein mTOR (mamalian target of rapamycin), that regulates multiple cellular functions and integrates information coming from a variety of growth factors and mitogens was also effective in ameliorating the course of the disease in animal PKD models. Upon all this data, a double-blind phase III clinical trial was started (TEMPO) with an inhibitor of the V2-vasopressin receptor OPC-31260 (Tolvaptan). No data are available at present on the influence of Tolvaptan on both renal volume and GFR. Similar approaches pointing to inhibit the AMPc intracellular content have been used in humans with somatostatin and its long-acting analogous octeotride, with preliminary benefits. Published results in humans with the mTOR inhibitors everolimus showed a slower pace in the growth rate of renal volume without concurrent changes in GFR. No beneficial changes were observed with the use of sirolimus. In summary, different animal models have provided a rational approach for planning clinical trials with different compounds. It is still necessary to get new data that permit the development of a new stage of carefully designed trials. This should permit to define questions as when to start treatment, how to evaluate the “biological” stage of the disease and which markers should be used to assess treatment effectiveness in a long-life disease as ADPKD.
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