A Review on the Role of Crosslinked Polymers in Renewable Energy: Complex Network Analysis of Innovations in Sustainability

Abstract

As the global push for renewable energy intensifies, the materials used in the generation, transmission, and storage of renewable energy systems have come under scrutiny due to their environmental impact. In particular, crosslinked polymers are extensively utilized in these systems because of their excellent thermal, mechanical, and electrical properties. However, their non-recyclable nature and significant waste generation at the end of their service life present severe sustainability challenges. This review employs a citation network-based methodology to analyze the role of crosslinked polymers in renewable energy systems, with a focus mainly on two critical applications: (1) production, specifically in the manufacturing of wind turbine blades; and (2) transmission, where they are integral to high-voltage cable insulation. Our complex network analysis reveals the major themes within the field of sustainability, providing a structured approach to understanding the lifecycle challenges of crosslinked polymers. The first part explores the primary polymers used, their typical lifespans, and the environmental burden of generated waste. We then describe both traditional recycling strategies and innovative approaches, such as supercritical water processing and thermoplasticizing technologies, which offer potential solutions to mitigate these impacts. Finally, we highlight emerging reprocessable materials, including vitrimers, ionomers, and specialty thermoplastic alternatives, which provide recyclability while maintaining performance. This comprehensive assessment emphasizes the urgent need for innovation in polymer science to achieve a circular economy for renewable energy systems.