Pharmaceutical Cocrystals in Drug-Delivery Technologies: Advances from Rational Design to Therapeutic Applications

Abstract

Pharmaceutical cocrystals are a well-established class of solid-state forms that can modulatethe solubility, dissolution, stability, and bioavailability of active pharmaceutical ingredientswithout altering their molecular identity. Although traditional oral formulations havedemonstrated translational potential, recent research has emphasized the importance ofintegrating cocrystals into emerging drug-delivery technologies. This review systematicallyanalyzes recent advances in conventional and innovative cocrystal-based platforms,critically evaluating their therapeutic relevance. A comprehensive literature search wasconducted, focusing on publications from the last decade, with emphasis on studies from2020 to 2025, including peer-reviewed articles, patents, and regulatory documents. Evidencewas organized into traditional oral, inhalable, intranasal, and transdermal formulations,followed by emerging platforms such as 3D printing, nano-cocrystals, andmicroneedles. Case studies and preclinical/clinical data were critically assessed to identifystrengths, limitations, and future directions. Advancements in formulation science andnovel delivery technologies are allowing pharmaceutical cocrystals to transition from laboratoryinnovations to clinical applications. Despite challenges in scalability, stability, andregulatory clarity, the application of cocrystals into emerging platforms highlights theirpotential as transformative tools in next-generation therapeutics.