Educar en la Argentina centenaria. Los usos de Güemes, caudillos y gauchos en los manuales escolares publicados entre 1900 y 1916

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Fecha
12/2025
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Universidad Nacional de Salta
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Cuadernos de Humanidades
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2683-782x
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El presente trabajo, en líneas generales, procura indagar los usos del pasado mediante los manuales pensados para las escuelas comunes en los albores del siglo XX. Particularmente, el interés estriba en examinar cómo fueron abordados, acorde al contexto de publicación, los caudillos y los gauchos, figuras de crucial interés en la política y la historia argentina. Asimismo, definimos una entrada estratégica en nuestra lectura consistente en problematizar dichos asuntos en base a las apelaciones efectuadas, en las mentadas fuentes, sobre Martín Miguel de Güemes.Es sabido que, en el marco del Centenario, la educación común sirvió de herramienta para concretar la “argentinización” capaz de apaciguar los principales conflictos sociales emergidos fruto del proceso de modernización del Estado-nación. Acorde a la perspectiva propuesta, la utilización de los temas apuntados en las fuentes seleccionadas permite introducirnos al clima de ideas donde, desde ciertos grupos políticos e intelectuales, se disputaban diversas maneras de entender la ciudadanía y la república en los tiempos de la reforma electoral y el consiguiente ocaso del “orden conservador”.A partir de lo señalado buscamos analizar el corpus mediante tres niveles: Güemes, caudillos y gauchos. Según nuestra óptica, la figura del líder salteño ayudó a recuperar algunas facetas entramadas por los caudillos y los gauchos consideradas anteriormente, por la elite dirigente, perniciosas para la población del país. De esa forma, los manuales escolares presentaban una revisión del fenómeno que, en simultáneo, estaba iniciándose en otros escalafones educativos –secundario y universitario- y registros del periodo.
This article seeks to examine the uses of the past as conveyed through school textbooks intended for common schools in the early twentieth century. Specifically, it focuses on how caudillos and gauchos—figures of crucial importance in Argentine politics and history—were represented according to the context of their publication. A key dimension of the analysis is the strategic entry point provided by the figure of Martín Miguel de Güemes, whose presence in these sources serves to problematize broader issues. Within the framework of the Centennial, public education became a tool of “Argentinization,” aimed at tempering major social conflicts that emerged from the process of nation-state modernization. From this perspective, the use of the aforementioned figures in selected textbooks opens a window onto the intellectual and political debates of the time, in which different groups contested competing visions of citizenship and republicanism amidst electoral reform and the decline of the “conservative order.” The study analyzes the corpus on three levels: Güemes, caudillos, and gauchos. From our standpoint, the figure of the Salta leader allowed for the recovery of certain aspects historically associated with caudillos and gauchos—long deemed pernicious by the ruling elite—that were reconfigured in the textbooks. In this way, elementary school manuals contributed to a broader revision of these phenomena, a process simultaneously unfolding in other educational spheres— secondary schools, universities—and in contemporary intellectual registers.
This article seeks to examine the uses of the past as conveyed through school textbooks intended for common schools in the early twentieth century. Specifically, it focuses on how caudillos and gauchos—figures of crucial importance in Argentine politics and history—were represented according to the context of their publication. A key dimension of the analysis is the strategic entry point provided by the figure of Martín Miguel de Güemes, whose presence in these sources serves to problematize broader issues. Within the framework of the Centennial, public education became a tool of “Argentinization,” aimed at tempering major social conflicts that emerged from the process of nation-state modernization. From this perspective, the use of the aforementioned figures in selected textbooks opens a window onto the intellectual and political debates of the time, in which different groups contested competing visions of citizenship and republicanism amidst electoral reform and the decline of the “conservative order.” The study analyzes the corpus on three levels: Güemes, caudillos, and gauchos. From our standpoint, the figure of the Salta leader allowed for the recovery of certain aspects historically associated with caudillos and gauchos—long deemed pernicious by the ruling elite—that were reconfigured in the textbooks. In this way, elementary school manuals contributed to a broader revision of these phenomena, a process simultaneously unfolding in other educational spheres— secondary schools, universities—and in contemporary intellectual registers.
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