Historia eruptiva de los volcanes monogenéticos de El Toro (23o05'S-66o42'W), Puna norte, Argentina
; Caffe, Pablo Jorge 
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01/2014
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Servicio Nacional de Geología y Minería
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Andean Geology
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0718-7092
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0718-7106
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Los volcanes monogenéticos de la región de El Toro (23°05'S-66°42'W) comprenden un conjunto de rocas volcánicas máficas de reducida extensión areal (<5 km2) generadas durante el Mioceno Superior-Plioceno en el ámbito de la Puna norte (Zona Volcánica Central andina). La actividad de al menos cuatro centros eruptivos principales resultó en la erupción de flujos de lavas desde sendos conos de escoria, cuyo modelo de facies se ajusta al de edificios formados por erupciones de estilo estromboliano. En algunos casos, los volcanes registraron breves fases de tipo transicional hawaiano que derivaron en fontanas localizadas y de pequeño tamaño, ocasionalmente con desarrollo oblicuo respecto al eje central del cono, responsables de la generación de depósitos piroclásticos aglutinados ('spatter') y lavas clastogénicas. Estos depósitos altamente soldados, aún calientes y dúctiles, habrían actuado como zonas de debilidad por donde los edificios colapsaron gravitacionalmente durante la efusión de lavas ('rafting'), evidenciando que en ocasiones las erupciones efusivas y piroclásticas fueron coetáneas. Las rocas volcánicas se clasifican geoquímicamente como basaltos, andesitas basálticas y andesitas calcoalcalinas de alto K. Las relaciones de elementos traza móviles e inmóviles (e.g., Ba/Nb) sugieren que las rocas de El Toro tienen firmas geoquímicas de arco, pero transicionales entre las de andesitas del arco frontal (León Muerto) y las de rocas máficas e intermedias andinas con tendencias de intraplaca (Las Burras). Esto confirma una posición de retroarco cercana al arco para la Puna norte occidental durante el Mioceno Superior-Plioceno. En algunos volcanes de El Toro afloran grupos de rocas con diferencias mineralógicas sustanciales, pero geoquímicamente indistinguibles, lo que sugiere diferencias en la temperatura y grado de cristalización de magmas que eran esencialmente semejantes. Por otro lado, magmas de composición diferente fueron eruptados casi simultáneamente desde el mismo centro volcánico, demostrando el carácter polimagmático complejo que tienen algunos volcanes monogenéticos.
The monogenetic volcanism from the El Toro region (23°05'S-66°42'W) in NW Argentina comprises a group of low-volume (<5 km2) mafic volcanic rocks erupted during the Late Miocene-Pliocene in the northern Puna (Andean Central Volcanic Zone). The activity of at least four eruptive centers resulted in the discharge of several lava flows from a cluster of cinder cones, whose architecture coincides with the typical facies model defined for edifices constructed during Strombolian style eruptions. In some cases, volcanoes recorded brief phases of transitional Hawaiian activity that resulted in small and localized fire-fountaining (occasionally with oblique development), responsible for the generation of agglutinated deposits as spatter and clastogenic lava. These highly welded products, still hot and ductile, may have acted as zones of weakness from which the edifices collapsed gravitationally during lava effusions (rafting process). The latter suggests that effusive and pyroclastic eruptions sometimes may have been coeval. Volcanic rocks are geochemically classified as arc-like, high-K calc-alkaline basalts, basaltic andesites and andesites. Mobile/inmobile trace element ratios (e.g., Ba/Nb) suggest that the El Toro rocks have arc-like signatures, transitional between frontal arc andesites (León Muerto) and mafic to intermediate Andean rocks with intraplate affinities (Las Burras). The latter confirms a near-arc backarc position for the western northern Puna during the Upper Miocene to Pliocene. Although geochemically indistinguishable, rocks from El Toro volcanoes have significantly different petrographic characteristics (phenocryst assemblage, % of crystals). This suggests that some volcanic rocks from El Toro represent the eruption of very similar magma batches that show strong differences in temperature and degree of crystallization, i.e., batches evolving at different crustal depths and/or with different magma chamber residence times. On the other hand, magmas of different chemical compositions were erupted almost simultaneously from the same vents. This intriguing compositional pattern demonstrates that short-lived monogenetic volcanoes may have a complex polymagmatic character.
The monogenetic volcanism from the El Toro region (23°05'S-66°42'W) in NW Argentina comprises a group of low-volume (<5 km2) mafic volcanic rocks erupted during the Late Miocene-Pliocene in the northern Puna (Andean Central Volcanic Zone). The activity of at least four eruptive centers resulted in the discharge of several lava flows from a cluster of cinder cones, whose architecture coincides with the typical facies model defined for edifices constructed during Strombolian style eruptions. In some cases, volcanoes recorded brief phases of transitional Hawaiian activity that resulted in small and localized fire-fountaining (occasionally with oblique development), responsible for the generation of agglutinated deposits as spatter and clastogenic lava. These highly welded products, still hot and ductile, may have acted as zones of weakness from which the edifices collapsed gravitationally during lava effusions (rafting process). The latter suggests that effusive and pyroclastic eruptions sometimes may have been coeval. Volcanic rocks are geochemically classified as arc-like, high-K calc-alkaline basalts, basaltic andesites and andesites. Mobile/inmobile trace element ratios (e.g., Ba/Nb) suggest that the El Toro rocks have arc-like signatures, transitional between frontal arc andesites (León Muerto) and mafic to intermediate Andean rocks with intraplate affinities (Las Burras). The latter confirms a near-arc backarc position for the western northern Puna during the Upper Miocene to Pliocene. Although geochemically indistinguishable, rocks from El Toro volcanoes have significantly different petrographic characteristics (phenocryst assemblage, % of crystals). This suggests that some volcanic rocks from El Toro represent the eruption of very similar magma batches that show strong differences in temperature and degree of crystallization, i.e., batches evolving at different crustal depths and/or with different magma chamber residence times. On the other hand, magmas of different chemical compositions were erupted almost simultaneously from the same vents. This intriguing compositional pattern demonstrates that short-lived monogenetic volcanoes may have a complex polymagmatic character.
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