Unraveling an overlooked risk factor for envenoming: relationship between Lonomia caterpillars and their host plants

Abstract

Introduction: The host plants are crucial for the survival of Lonomia spp. (Lepidoptera: Saturniidae), particularly during the larval stage, which is the sole phase associated with human envenomation after accidental contact with their spines. Objective: This work aims to contribute to the understanding of the relationship between the two caterpillar species involved in such cases – Lonomia achelous and Lonomia obliqua, restricted to the tropical forests of South America – and their respective host plants, mainly focusing on features that may increase the risk of envenoming. Methods: A bibliographical survey about specific interactions (biological characteristics, human uses, and geographical distribution) was conducted. The data was sourced from scientific literature and/or opinion from experts in the Saturniidae family, covering the period from 2020 backwards. Results: The findings revealed that both species are polyphagous. A common trait among their host plants is the presence of tannins in the leaves. Most host species have at least one human use, thereby increasing the risk of inadvertent contact with caterpillars. Additionally, the geographical distribution of both species aligns with the distribution of their native host plants, which are predominantly heliophilous. Conclusion: This work provides an extensive panoramic insight into the interactions between Lonomia spp., their hosts, and the environment, which is essential for designing effective prevention strategies for addressing Lonomia accidents in South America.