First report of Maize striate mosaic virus, a mastrevirus infecting Zea mays in Argentina

Abstract

During 2021, sweet corn plants cultivated for human consumption in a 400-ha area in Santa Fe province, Argentina, showed severe viruslike symptoms, including marked dwarfism, plant deformation, nerval or internerval vein yellowing, chlorotic rings, chlorosis along leaf edges, and vein thickening (Figure 1–2). Abundant populations of the corn leafhopper Dalbulus maidis, a vector of several pathogens (Carloni et al., 2013), were also observed (Figure 3). Ten diseased plants collected in Helvecia, Santa Fe (31◦07t’47t’t’S, 60◦08t’48t’t’W) were tested by leaf dip and serology (DAS-ELISA or PTA-ELISA) against: Maize yellow striate virus, Mal de Río Cuarto virus, Spiroplasma kunkelii, Sugarcane mosaic virus (JM isolate) (IPAVE, Córdoba, Argentina), Maize rayado fino virus (MRFV) (provided by Castillo Loayza, UNALM, Perú), Maize chlorotic mottle virus (MCMV), Maize dwarf mosaic virus (BIOREBA, Switzerland), Wheat streak mosaic virus (DSMZ, Germany), Cucumber mosaic virus, High Plains wheat mosaic virus (HPWMoV), Maize streak virus (MSV) and Sugarcanemosaic virus (SCMV) (Agdia, USA). The samples tested by serology were positive for one or more of the following pathogens: HPWMoV,MCMV, MRFV, SCMV or S. kunkelii, and six of them had a mild reaction when tested for MSV (Table 1). Furthermore, electron microscopy detected geminivirus-like particles in sample 4, one of the six samples with a mild reaction for MSV (Figure 4). The DNA of this sample was extracted using the CTABmethod, amplified by rolling circle amplification (Inoue-Nagata et al., 2004) and sequenced using a MinIONMk1B devicewith the Rapid Barcoding kit (Oxford Nanopore Technologies, UK). Raw sequences were filtered using the Filtlong (https://github.com/rrwick/Filtlong) software, and assembled using minimap2/miniasm (https://github.com/ lh3/minimap2). Contigs of Maize striate mosaic virus (MSMV) were identified using BLASTn against a local viral reference database available from NCBI and polished with Medaka v1.2.3 (https://github.com/ nanoporetech/medaka). MSMV has 96.6% amino acid identity in the coat protein withMSV, hence the cross-reaction observed in ELISA. Thirty-seven sequences, including dicot- and monocot-infecting species, were aligned with MAFTT, and a maximum-likelihood phylogenetic tree was constructed in IQ-TREE (http://www.iqtree.org/) with 1000 bootstrap replications. The sequence of the Argentinian MSMV isolate (GenBank Accession No. OP811251) has 2746 bp, shares 99% identity with all the previously described MSMV isolates, and the final tree showed that the Argentinian isolate brancheswith representative sequences of the virus (Figure 5) MSMV was first detected in maize and sugarcane in Brazil (Fontenele et al., 2018, Batista et al., 2021). The high population levels of the leafhopper vector and the effects of MSMV on plant growth and yield in susceptible cultivars (Vilanova et al., 2022) warrant further epidemiological studies to assess the importance of this pathogen in Argentina. To our knowledge, this is the first report of MSMV (Mastrevirus, Geminiviridae) infecting Zeamays in Argentina.