Certezas e incertidumbres del efecto bioquímico-nutricional de los isómeros de ácidos grasos sobre el riesgo de enfermedades crónicas no transmisibles
; Sain, Juliana
; Scanarotti, Ignacio Gabriel
; Bernal, Claudio Adrian 
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Fecha
03/2025
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Academia Nacional de Farmacia y Bioquímica
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Farmaceútica
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0034-9496
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El consumo de isómeros de ácidos grasos, específicamente de ácidos grasos isoméricos trans, está asociado a enfermedades cardiovasculares y otras enfermedades crónicas no transmisibles. Específicamente, en este trabajo se demuestra que los ácidos grasos trans denominados “de origen industrial”, afectan múltiples factores de riesgo de enfermedades crónicas, y sus mecanismos de acción se relacionan, entre otros, a una mayor síntesis de lípidos, alteraciones en los niveles de lipoproteínas y en la biosíntesis de ácidos grasos poliinsaturados de cadena larga como, asimismo, a un aumento de biomarcadores proinflamatorios y de estrés oxidativo. Por otro lado, los ácidos grasos trans de “origen natural”, principalmente: 11t-18:1 (trans-vaccénico) y 9c,11t-18:2 (ácido ruménico), ejercen efectos funcionales, como reducción de la acreción de lípidos en hígado y diferentes tejidos extrahepáticos, mejora de la utilización de la glucosa, del estrés oxidativo y de la inflamación. Los estudios de los mecanismos de acción de los isómeros muestran que los efectos diferenciales de los ácidos grasos isoméricos dependen, entre otros, del tipo de isómero considerado, niveles, entorno metabólico y especie, y no del “origen” de los mismos. Si bien los resultados obtenidos en modelos animales no pueden extrapolarse directamente a humanos, la profundización de los conocimientos de los efectos deletéreos o funcionales, como asimismo los mecanismos de acción de los ácidos grasos trans, pueden ser una excelente herramienta para mitigar enfermedades crónicas no transmisibles.
The consumption of fatty acid isomers, specifically trans fatty acids, is associated with cardiovascular diseases and other non-communicable chronic diseases. In particular, we have demonstrated that trans fatty acids, often referred as “industrially produced” trans fats, affect multiple risk factors for non-communicable chronic diseases. Their mechanisms of action are related to several factors, including increased lipid synthesis, alterations in lipoprotein levels, and the biosynthesis of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids, as well as an increase in pro-inflammatory biomarkers and oxidative stress. On the other hand, naturally occurring trans fatty acids, mainly 11t-18:1 (trans-vaccenic) and 9c,11t-18:2 (rumenic acid), exert functional effects, including reducing liver steatosis and lipid accumulation in extrahepatic tissues, as well as improving glucose utilization, oxidative stress, and inflammation. Studies on the mechanisms of action of the isomers show that the differential effects of fatty acid isomers depend, among other factors, on the type and levels of isomer, metabolic environment, and species, rather than their “origin”. Although results obtained from animal models cannot be directly extrapolated to humans, deepening our understanding of the deleterious and/or functional effects, as well as the mechanisms of action of trans fatty acids, provides an excellent tool for mitigating non-communicable chronic diseases.
The consumption of fatty acid isomers, specifically trans fatty acids, is associated with cardiovascular diseases and other non-communicable chronic diseases. In particular, we have demonstrated that trans fatty acids, often referred as “industrially produced” trans fats, affect multiple risk factors for non-communicable chronic diseases. Their mechanisms of action are related to several factors, including increased lipid synthesis, alterations in lipoprotein levels, and the biosynthesis of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids, as well as an increase in pro-inflammatory biomarkers and oxidative stress. On the other hand, naturally occurring trans fatty acids, mainly 11t-18:1 (trans-vaccenic) and 9c,11t-18:2 (rumenic acid), exert functional effects, including reducing liver steatosis and lipid accumulation in extrahepatic tissues, as well as improving glucose utilization, oxidative stress, and inflammation. Studies on the mechanisms of action of the isomers show that the differential effects of fatty acid isomers depend, among other factors, on the type and levels of isomer, metabolic environment, and species, rather than their “origin”. Although results obtained from animal models cannot be directly extrapolated to humans, deepening our understanding of the deleterious and/or functional effects, as well as the mechanisms of action of trans fatty acids, provides an excellent tool for mitigating non-communicable chronic diseases.
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