Returning the dragon to its cave: the spinosaurid nature of the purported ornithopod materials from the ‘Middle’ Cretaceous Alcântara Formation, northeastern Brazil
; Salinas, Guillermo ; Haro, Jose Augusto
; Prieto Marquez, Albert Otros responsables
Fecha
06/2024
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Elsevier Science
Revista
Cretaceous Research
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1514-5158
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1853-0400
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Hemos llevado a cabo una reevaluación taxonómica de vértebras caudales de dinosaurios de la Formación Alcânta ra del Cenomaniano en el estado de Maranhão, noreste de Brasil. Estos elementos fueron descritos originalmente como pertenecientes al terópodo africano contemporáneo Sigilmassasaurus. Posteriormente, fueron reasignados como un ornitópodo grande similar a Ouranosaurus, un poco más antiguo, representando entonces la primera aparición de un hadrosauriforme basal en América del Sur. Aquí revisamos los materiales publicados más vérte bras caudales adicionales inéditas de la Formación Alcântara. Además, se realizaron comparaciones con terópodos espinosáuridos y ornitópodos hadrosauriformes para dilucidar su asignación taxonómica entre estos dos grupos de dinosaurios distantemente relacionados. Los rasgos anatómicos observados en las vértebras caudales, incluidos los centros con paredes laterales subrectangulares, la superficie ventral que presenta una depresión longitudinal, la base baja de los arcos neurales, una espina neural en forma de varilla y una apófisis transversal que no alcanza los bordes anterior y posterior del centro vertebral, entre otras características, permiten asignar los especíme nes a terópodos espinosáuridos, particularmente Spinosaurinae. El único espinosáurido nominal descrito para la Formación Alcântara es Oxalaia quilombensis, aunque su asignación a los especímenes aquí estudiados está excluida por la ausencia de elementos comparables y la existencia de múltiples morfotipos dentales en esta unidad litoestratigráfica, lo que sugiere una mayor diversidad de espinosáuridos. La asignación actual anula la evidencia de restos de ornitópodos en la Formación Alcântara y limita su registro en el noreste de América del Sur a huellas de depósitos cenomanianos.
We have conducted a reassessment of dinosaur caudal vertebrae from the Cenomanian Alcântara For mation in the Maranhão State, northeastern Brazil. These elements were originally described as belonging to the coeval African theropod Sigilmassasaurus. Subsequently, they were reassigned to a large ornithopod similar to the slightly older Ouranosaurus, representing the first occurrence of a basal hadrosauriform in South America. Here we review the anatomy of the caudal vertebrae from the Alcântara Formation, emphasizing comparisons with both spinosaurid theropods and hadrosauriform ornithopods to re-evaluate their taxonomic assignment between these two distantly related groups. Characters such as centra with subrectangular lateral walls, ventral surface bearing a longitudinal depression, low base of the neural arches, rod-shaped neural spines and transverse processes not reaching the anterior and posterior borders of the centra, among others, allow referral of these vertebrae to Spino saurinae. The only nominal spinosaurid described for the Alcântara Formation is Oxalaia quilombensis. However, the absence of overlapping material precluded the referral of the Maranhão caudal vertebrae to this species. Fur thermore, the existence of multiple dental morphotypes in the Alcântara Formation that suggests a greater diver sity of spinosaurids opens the possibility of those vertebrae belonging to a different species. Nevertheless, the re assignment of the Maranhão caudal vertebrae to Spinosauridae nullifies the evidence of ornithopod remains in the Alcântara Formation and limits its record in northeastern South America to footprints from Cenomanian strata.
We have conducted a reassessment of dinosaur caudal vertebrae from the Cenomanian Alcântara For mation in the Maranhão State, northeastern Brazil. These elements were originally described as belonging to the coeval African theropod Sigilmassasaurus. Subsequently, they were reassigned to a large ornithopod similar to the slightly older Ouranosaurus, representing the first occurrence of a basal hadrosauriform in South America. Here we review the anatomy of the caudal vertebrae from the Alcântara Formation, emphasizing comparisons with both spinosaurid theropods and hadrosauriform ornithopods to re-evaluate their taxonomic assignment between these two distantly related groups. Characters such as centra with subrectangular lateral walls, ventral surface bearing a longitudinal depression, low base of the neural arches, rod-shaped neural spines and transverse processes not reaching the anterior and posterior borders of the centra, among others, allow referral of these vertebrae to Spino saurinae. The only nominal spinosaurid described for the Alcântara Formation is Oxalaia quilombensis. However, the absence of overlapping material precluded the referral of the Maranhão caudal vertebrae to this species. Fur thermore, the existence of multiple dental morphotypes in the Alcântara Formation that suggests a greater diver sity of spinosaurids opens the possibility of those vertebrae belonging to a different species. Nevertheless, the re assignment of the Maranhão caudal vertebrae to Spinosauridae nullifies the evidence of ornithopod remains in the Alcântara Formation and limits its record in northeastern South America to footprints from Cenomanian strata.
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