Redefining enhancer action: Insights from structural, genomic, and single-molecule perspectives

Abstract

This review explores recent emerging insights into enhanceraction, focusing on underexplored aspects such as the phys-ical size of regulatory elements, the stochasticity of transcrip-tion factor binding and chromatin structure, and the role ofnonlinear processes in reconciling longstanding discrepanciesbetween theoretical models and experimental observations.Together, these insights provide a nuanced view of enhancerbiology, highlighting the complexity of gene regulation and theneed for innovative methodologies to further decode enhancermechanisms.