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dc.contributor.author
Wilkinson, John L.  
dc.contributor.author
Boxall, Alistair B.A.  
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Kolpin, Dana W.  
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Leung, Kenneth M.Y.  
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Lai, Racliffe W.S.  
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Galban Malag, Cristobal  
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Adell, Aiko D.  
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Mondon, Julie  
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Metian, Marc  
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Marchant, Robert A.  
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Bouzas Monroy, Alejandra  
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Cuni Sanchez, Aida  
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Coors, Anja  
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Carriquiriborde, Pedro  
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Rojo, Macarena Gisele  
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Gordon, Chris  
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Cara, Magdalena  
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Moermond, Monique  
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Luarte, Thais  
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Petrosyan, Vahagn  
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Perikhanyan, Yekaterina  
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Mahon, Clare S.  
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McGurk, Christopher J.  
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Hofmann, Thilo  
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Kormoker, Tapos  
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Iniguez, Volga  
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Guzman Otazo, Jessica  
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Tavares, Jean L.  
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de Figueiredo, Francisco Gildasio  
dc.contributor.author
Razzolini, Maria T.P.  
dc.date.available
2023-10-23T15:51:22Z  
dc.date.issued
2022-02  
dc.identifier.citation
Wilkinson, John L.; Boxall, Alistair B.A.; Kolpin, Dana W.; Leung, Kenneth M.Y.; Lai, Racliffe W.S.; et al.; Pharmaceutical pollution of the world's rivers; National Academy of Sciences; Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of The United States of America; 119; 8; 2-2022; 1-10  
dc.identifier.issn
0027-8424  
dc.identifier.uri
http://hdl.handle.net/11336/215655  
dc.description.abstract
Environmental exposure to active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) can have negative effects on the health of ecosystems and humans. While numerous studies have monitored APIs in rivers, these employ different analytical methods, measure different APIs, and have ignored many of the countries of the world. This makes it difficult to quantify the scale of the problem from a global perspective. Furthermore, comparison of the existing data, generated for different studies/regions/continents, is challenging due to the vast differences between the analytical methodologies employed. Here, we present a global-scale study of API pollution in 258 of the world's rivers, representing the environmental influence of 471.4 million people across 137 geographic regions. Samples were obtained from 1,052 locations in 104 countries (representing all continents and 36 countries not previously studied for API contamination) and analyzed for 61 APIs. Highest cumulative API concentrations were observed in sub-Saharan Africa, south Asia, and South America. The most contaminated sites were in low- to middle-income countries and were associated with areas with poor wastewater and waste management infrastructure and pharmaceutical manufacturing. The most frequently detected APIs were carbamazepine, metformin, and caffeine (a compound also arising from lifestyle use), which were detected at over half of the sites monitored. Concentrations of at least one API at 25.7% of the sampling sites were greater than concentrations considered safe for aquatic organisms, or which are of concern in terms of selection for antimicrobial resistance. Therefore, pharmaceutical pollution poses a global threat to environmental and human health, as well as to delivery of the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals.  
dc.format
application/pdf  
dc.language.iso
eng  
dc.publisher
National Academy of Sciences  
dc.rights
info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess  
dc.rights.uri
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.5/ar/  
dc.subject
ANTIMICROBIALS  
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AQUATIC CONTAMINATION  
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GLOBAL POLLUTION  
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PHARMACEUTICALS  
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WASTEWATER  
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Otras Ciencias de la Tierra y relacionadas con el Medio Ambiente  
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Ciencias de la Tierra y relacionadas con el Medio Ambiente  
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CIENCIAS NATURALES Y EXACTAS  
dc.title
Pharmaceutical pollution of the world's rivers  
dc.type
info:eu-repo/semantics/article  
dc.type
info:ar-repo/semantics/artículo  
dc.type
info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion  
dc.date.updated
2023-08-08T12:49:11Z  
dc.journal.volume
119  
dc.journal.number
8  
dc.journal.pagination
1-10  
dc.journal.pais
Estados Unidos  
dc.journal.ciudad
Washington DC, USA  
dc.description.fil
Fil: Wilkinson, John L.. University of York; Reino Unido  
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Fil: Boxall, Alistair B.A.. University of York; Reino Unido  
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Fil: Kolpin, Dana W.. Central Midwest Water Science Center; Estados Unidos  
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Fil: Leung, Kenneth M.Y.. City University of Hong Kong; Hong Kong  
dc.description.fil
Fil: Lai, Racliffe W.S.. City University of Hong Kong; Hong Kong  
dc.description.fil
Fil: Galban Malag, Cristobal. Universidad Mayor; Chile  
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Fil: Adell, Aiko D.. Universidad Andrés Bello; Chile  
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Fil: Mondon, Julie. Deakin University; Australia  
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Fil: Metian, Marc. International Atomic Energy Agency; Mónaco  
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Fil: Marchant, Robert A.. University of York; Reino Unido  
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Fil: Bouzas Monroy, Alejandra. University of York; Reino Unido  
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Fil: Cuni Sanchez, Aida. University of York; Reino Unido  
dc.description.fil
Fil: Coors, Anja. ECT Oekotoxikologie GmbH; Alemania  
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Fil: Carriquiriborde, Pedro. Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas. Departamento de Química. Centro de Investigaciones del Medio Ambiente; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas. Centro de Investigaciones del Medio Ambiente - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - La Plata. Centro de Investigaciones del Medio Ambiente; Argentina  
dc.description.fil
Fil: Rojo, Macarena Gisele. Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas. Centro de Investigaciones del Medio Ambiente - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - La Plata. Centro de Investigaciones del Medio Ambiente; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas. Departamento de Química. Centro de Investigaciones del Medio Ambiente; Argentina  
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Fil: Gordon, Chris. University of Ghana; Ghana  
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Fil: Cara, Magdalena. Agricultural University of Tirana; Albania  
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Fil: Moermond, Monique. Imperial College London; Reino Unido  
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Fil: Luarte, Thais. Universidad Andrés Bello; Chile  
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Fil: Petrosyan, Vahagn. Yerevan State University; Armenia  
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Fil: Perikhanyan, Yekaterina. Yerevan State University; Armenia  
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Fil: Mahon, Clare S.. University of Sydney; Australia  
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Fil: McGurk, Christopher J.. University of Sydney; Australia  
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Fil: Hofmann, Thilo. Universidad de Viena; Austria  
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Fil: Kormoker, Tapos. Patuakhali Science and Technology University; Bangladesh  
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Fil: Iniguez, Volga. Universidad Mayor de San Andrés; Bolivia  
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Fil: Guzman Otazo, Jessica. Karolinska Huddinge Hospital. Karolinska Institutet; Suecia  
dc.description.fil
Fil: Tavares, Jean L.. Instituto Federal De Educacao, Ciencia e Tecnologia do Rio Grande do Norte; Brasil  
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Fil: de Figueiredo, Francisco Gildasio. Instituto Federal De Educacao, Ciencia e Tecnologia do Rio Grande do Norte; Brasil  
dc.description.fil
Fil: Razzolini, Maria T.P.. Universidade de Sao Paulo; Brasil  
dc.journal.title
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of The United States of America  
dc.relation.alternativeid
info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/url/https://www.pnas.org/doi/10.1073/pnas.2113947119  
dc.relation.alternativeid
info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/doi/https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2113947119