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dc.contributor.author
Velasco Herrera, Victor Manuel  
dc.contributor.author
Rossello, Eduardo Antonio  
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Orgeira, Maria Julia  
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Arioni, Lucas  
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Soon, Willie  
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Velasco, Graciela  
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Rosique de la Cruz, Laura  
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Zúñiga, Emmanuel  
dc.contributor.author
Vera, Carlos  
dc.date.available
2023-07-10T11:28:16Z  
dc.date.issued
2022-06-22  
dc.identifier.citation
Velasco Herrera, Victor Manuel; Rossello, Eduardo Antonio; Orgeira, Maria Julia; Arioni, Lucas; Soon, Willie; et al.; Long-Term Forecasting of Strong Earthquakes in North America, South America, Japan, Southern China and Northern India With Machine Learning; Frontiers Media; Frontiers in Earth Science; 10; 22-6-2022; 1-25  
dc.identifier.issn
2296-6463  
dc.identifier.uri
http://hdl.handle.net/11336/202832  
dc.description.abstract
Strong earthquakes (magnitude ≥7) occur worldwide affecting different cities and countries while causing great human, ecological and economic losses. The ability to forecast strong earthquakes on the long-term basis is essential to minimize the risks and vulnerabilities of people living in highly active seismic areas. We have studied seismic activities in North America, South America, Japan, Southern China and Northern India in search for patterns in strong earthquakes on each of these active seismic zones between 1900 and 2021 with the powerful mathematical tool of wavelet transform. We found that the primary seismic activity patterns for M ≥ 7 earthquakes are 55, 3.7, 7.7, and 8.6 years, for seismic zones of the southwestern United States and northern Mexico, southwestern Mexico, South American, and Southern China-Northern India, respectively. In the case of Japan, the most important seismic pattern for earthquakes with magnitude 7 ≤ M (Formula presented.) 8 is 4.1 years and for strong earthquakes with M ≥ 8, it is 40 years. Every seismic pattern obtained clusters the earthquakes in historical intervals/episodes with and without strong earthquakes in the individually analyzed seismic zones. We want to clarify that the intervals where no strong earthquakes do not imply the total absence of seismic activity because earthquakes can occur with lesser magnitude within this same interval. From the information and pattern we obtained from the wavelet analyses, we created a probabilistic, long-term earthquake prediction model for each seismic zone using the Bayesian Machine Learning method. We propose that the periods of occurrence of earthquakes in each seismic zone analyzed could be interpreted as the period in which the stress builds up on different planes of a fault, until this energy releases through the rupture along faults and fractures near the plate tectonic boundaries. Then a series of earthquakes can occur along the fault until the stress subsides and a new cycle begins. Our machine learning models predict a new period of strong earthquakes between 2040 ± 5 and 2057 ± 5, 2024 ± 1 and 2026 ± 1, 2026 ± 2 and 2031 ± 2, 2024 ± 2 and 2029 ± 2, and 2022 ± 1 and 2028 ± 2 for the five active seismic zones of United States, Mexico, South America, Japan, and Southern China and Northern India, respectively. In additon, our methodology can be applied in areas where moderate earthquakes occur, as for the case of the Parkfield section of the San Andreas fault (California, United States). Our methodology explains why a moderate earthquake could never occur in 1988 ± 5 as proposed and why the long-awaited Parkfield earthquake event occurred in 2004. Furthermore, our model predicts that possible seismic events may occur between 2019 and 2031, with a high probability of earthquake events at Parkfield around 2025 ± 2 years.  
dc.format
application/pdf  
dc.language.iso
eng  
dc.publisher
Frontiers Media  
dc.rights
info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess  
dc.rights.uri
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/2.5/ar/  
dc.subject
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE  
dc.subject
MACHINE LEARNING  
dc.subject
PROBABILISTIC EARTHQUAKE PREDICTION  
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STRESS  
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WAVELET  
dc.subject.classification
Otras Ciencias Naturales y Exactas  
dc.subject.classification
Otras Ciencias Naturales y Exactas  
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CIENCIAS NATURALES Y EXACTAS  
dc.title
Long-Term Forecasting of Strong Earthquakes in North America, South America, Japan, Southern China and Northern India With Machine Learning  
dc.type
info:eu-repo/semantics/article  
dc.type
info:ar-repo/semantics/artículo  
dc.type
info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion  
dc.date.updated
2023-07-05T12:18:01Z  
dc.journal.volume
10  
dc.journal.pagination
1-25  
dc.journal.pais
Alemania  
dc.description.fil
Fil: Velasco Herrera, Victor Manuel. Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México; México  
dc.description.fil
Fil: Rossello, Eduardo Antonio. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Ciudad Universitaria. Instituto de Geociencias Básicas, Aplicadas y Ambientales de Buenos Aires. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Instituto de Geociencias Básicas, Aplicadas y Ambientales de Buenos Aires; Argentina  
dc.description.fil
Fil: Orgeira, Maria Julia. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Ciudad Universitaria. Instituto de Geociencias Básicas, Aplicadas y Ambientales de Buenos Aires. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Instituto de Geociencias Básicas, Aplicadas y Ambientales de Buenos Aires; Argentina  
dc.description.fil
Fil: Arioni, Lucas. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Ciudad Universitaria. Instituto de Geociencias Básicas, Aplicadas y Ambientales de Buenos Aires. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Instituto de Geociencias Básicas, Aplicadas y Ambientales de Buenos Aires; Argentina  
dc.description.fil
Fil: Soon, Willie. Center for Environmental Research and Earth Sciences; Estados Unidos  
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Fil: Velasco, Graciela. Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México; México  
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Fil: Rosique de la Cruz, Laura. Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México; México  
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Fil: Zúñiga, Emmanuel. Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México; México  
dc.description.fil
Fil: Vera, Carlos. Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México; México  
dc.journal.title
Frontiers in Earth Science  
dc.relation.alternativeid
info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/doi/https://doi.org/10.3389/feart.2022.905792  
dc.relation.alternativeid
info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/url/https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/feart.2022.905792/full