A Summary of the Developmental Trajectory of Executive Functions from Birth to Adulthood

Abstract

Executive functions (EFs) refer to cognitive control abilities that can sustain goal-directed behavior within complex contexts or changing contingencies. This cognitive functioning domain involves abilities such as inhibitory control, working memory, cognitive flexibility, attention, and planning and is particularly important for cognitive and socio-emotional advance. Longitudinal design studies have highlighted the relevance of adequate EF development during childhood as a predictor of improved health, higher academic achievements, a better employment status, and a lower incidence of disruptive social conduct, addictions, behavior problems, and psychopathology in adulthood. Hence, understanding EF development and its mediating predictors is a topic of interest for neuroscience. Research work over the past 20 years has produced highly relevant knowledge about specific EF developmental trajectories; however, few studies have compiled these results. This paper will re-examine EF development from early childhood until adulthood to include research reports published in peer-reviewed scientific journals from 2000 to 2019. We will delve into the existence of sensitive periods, growth and decline peaks, common patterns, and gender differences, highlighting unexplored topics and new challenges for future research. Understanding these cognitive development milestones will be a foundational step forward for the design of prevention and EF promotion programs throughout an individual’s vital cycle.