Desarrollo de materiales micro/nano estructurados en base a almidones para la estabilización, liberación controlada, soporte de preservadores y extensión de la vida útil de los alimentos

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2018-06-29
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El objetivo de este trabajo fue elaborar nuevos materiales a partir de almidones nativos o modificados, con capacidad para soportar y/o estabilizar al preservador sorbato de potasio (KS). Para este fin, se fabricaron micro/nanopartículas de almidón nativo de mandioca aplicando técnicas de diálisis, precipitación en etanol y ultrasonido. Una vez que las partículas se cargaron con el KS, se evaluaron sus características fisico-químicas y estructurales. Se observó un importante efecto de la metodología aplicada en las propiedades de las partículas. En particular, la técnica de ultrasonido fue la que más ventajas mostró en cuanto a la cantidad de KS retenido y al rendimiento del producto. Dicha técnica también se usó para obtener partículas a partir de almidones modificados. Se concluyó que el tipo de almidón utilizado (nativo, acetato u oleato) y la presencia o no de KS, afectaron principalmente las dimensiones de las partículas (28 - 236) nm, su peso molecular promedio (2x105 Da) y su capacidad de retención de KS (40500-90400 ppm b.s). Estos sistemas, se utilizaron como material de relleno en la formulación de películas comestibles. Se evaluó la cinética de liberación del KS desde las películas hacia un medio semi-sólido, comprobándose un retraso en la difusión del KS con relación a películas formuladas con KS en forma libre y, que el proceso estuvo gobernado por la relajación molecular de la matriz hidrofílica. El KS contenido en estas películas, estuvo disponible para actuar frente a una contaminación externa por levaduras. Finalmente, se incorporaron las partículas nanoestructuradas conteniendo KS a la formulación de un alimento vegetal (puré), donde se logró retardar el desarrollo de la flora nativa y retener más eficazmente al KS. Por lo tanto, los resultados presentados brindan evidencia de las ventajas del desarrollo de materiales nanoestructurados.
The objective of this research was developing new materials from native or modified starches, with the capacity to support and/or stabilize potassium sorbate (KS). For this purpose, micro/nanoparticles of native cassava starch were manufactured through dialysis, ethanol precipitation and ultrasound techniques. Once incorporated with KS their physicochemical and structural properties were characterized. It was observed an important effect of the methodology applied in the particles properties. In particular, ultrasound technique was the one that showed the most advantages in terms of the amount of retained KS and the product performance. It was concluded that the starch nature used (native, acetate or oleate) and the presence or absence of KS, affected mainly the particles dimensions (28 - 236 nm), their average molecular weight (2x105 Da) and their KS retention capacity (40500-90400 ppm d.b). These systems were used as filler material in edible films formulation. KS release kinetics from the films towards a semi-solid medium was evaluated, demonstrating a delay in the KS diffusion in relation to films formulated with KS in free form and, also it was observed that the process was governed by the molecular relaxation of the hydrophilic matrix. KS contained in these films was available to act against external yeast contamination. Finally, the nanostructured particles containing KS were incorporated into the formulation of a vegetable food (puree), where it was possible to delay microbial flora growth, and KS was more effectively retained. Therefore, the obtained results provide evidence of the advantages of the development of nanostructured starch-based material for its application in food preservation.
The objective of this research was developing new materials from native or modified starches, with the capacity to support and/or stabilize potassium sorbate (KS). For this purpose, micro/nanoparticles of native cassava starch were manufactured through dialysis, ethanol precipitation and ultrasound techniques. Once incorporated with KS their physicochemical and structural properties were characterized. It was observed an important effect of the methodology applied in the particles properties. In particular, ultrasound technique was the one that showed the most advantages in terms of the amount of retained KS and the product performance. It was concluded that the starch nature used (native, acetate or oleate) and the presence or absence of KS, affected mainly the particles dimensions (28 - 236 nm), their average molecular weight (2x105 Da) and their KS retention capacity (40500-90400 ppm d.b). These systems were used as filler material in edible films formulation. KS release kinetics from the films towards a semi-solid medium was evaluated, demonstrating a delay in the KS diffusion in relation to films formulated with KS in free form and, also it was observed that the process was governed by the molecular relaxation of the hydrophilic matrix. KS contained in these films was available to act against external yeast contamination. Finally, the nanostructured particles containing KS were incorporated into the formulation of a vegetable food (puree), where it was possible to delay microbial flora growth, and KS was more effectively retained. Therefore, the obtained results provide evidence of the advantages of the development of nanostructured starch-based material for its application in food preservation.
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