VDR agonists down regulate PI3K/Akt/mTOR axis and trigger autophagy in Kaposi's sarcoma cells

Abstract

The Kaposi´s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus G protein-coupled receptor (KSHV/vGPCR) is a key molecule in the pathogenesis of Kaposi´s sarcoma. We have previously shown that 1α,25(OH)2D3 or its less-calcemic analog TX527 inhibits the proliferation of endothelial cells expressing vGPCR, NF-κB activity and induces apoptosis in a VDR dependent manner. In this work, we further explored whether 1α,25(OH)2D3 or TX 527 regulates PI3K/Akt/mTOR axis and induces autophagy as part of its antineoplastic mechanism of action. Proliferation assays indicated that vGPCR cell number decreased in presence of LY294002 (PI3K/Akt inhibitor) likewise 1α,25(OH)2D3 or TX527 (10 nM, 48 h). Also, Akt phosphorylation was found decreased in dose (0.1?100 nM) and time response studies (12?72 h) after both compounds treatments. In addition, decreased phosphorylated Akt was significantly observed in the nucleus. Moreover, regulation of Akt phosphorylation was NF-κB and VDR dependent. TNFAIP3/A20, an ubiquitin-editing enzyme, a direct NF-κB target gene and a negative regulator of Beclin-1, was downregulated whereas Beclin-1 was up-regulated after 10 nM of 1α,25(OH)2D3 or TX 527 treatment. Decrement inAkt phosphorylation was accompanied by a reduced mTOR phosphorylation and an increase in the autophagy marker LC3-II. Since increment in autophagosomes not always indicates increment in autophagy activity, we used Chloroquine (CQ, 1 μM), an inhibitor of autophagy flow, to confirm autophagy after both VDR agonists treatment. In conclusion, VDR agonists, 1α,25(OH)2D3 or TX 527, inhibited PI3K/Akt/mTOR axis and induced autophagy in endothelial cells expressing vGPCR by a VDR-dependent mechanism.