A combination of the cytokinesis-block micronucleus cytome assay and centromeric identification for evaluation of the genotoxicity of dicamba

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to further investigate the cytotoxic and genotoxic effects of dicamba and Banvel® employing the cytokinesis-block micronucleus cytome (CBMN-cyt) assay estimated by the analysis of the nuclear division index (NDI), the frequency of micronucleus (MN), nucleoplasmic bridges (NPBs), and nuclear buds (NBUDs). Besides, for mechanism of MN induction CREST anti-kinetochore antibody analysis was performed. The activities of both compounds were tested within the range of 50–500 μg/ml on Chinese hamster ovary (CHO-K1) cells. Overall, dicamba and Banvel® produced a NDI dose-dependent decrease but the response was statistically significant only in cultures treated with Banvel® at a 100–500 μg/ml concentration range. A dose-dependent induction of MN was observed after dicamba- and Banvel®-treatments within the 50–400 μg/ml and 50–500 μg/ml concentration-ranges, respectively. Induction of NPBs and NBUDs was significantly enhanced by both test compounds. The NPBs/MN ratio values found for dicamba and Banvel® were 0.04–0.11 and 0.05–0.18, respectively. Results clearly demonstrated that dicamba and Banvel® exerted both cyto- and genotoxic damage on CHO-K1 cells. Furthermore, the CBMN-cyt assay employed confirmed our previous investigations concerning the cellular and DNA damaging capabilities of dicamba and highlights that both clastogenic and aneugenic mechanisms are implicated in the MN induction.