El destino "pendulante" de los regionalismos sudamericanos

Abstract

En los últimos quince años el escenario político sudamericano ha cambiado. Hemos transitado una época en la cual, predominaron los gobiernos progresistas, sustentados en la idea de progreso como herramienta para alcanzar el desarrollo, anclados en el extractivismo para lograr el crecimiento económico, apoyados en la aplicación de políticas redistributivas y en el fomento a la integración regional sudamericana, como proyecto alternativo y contrahegemónico a la subordinación y dependencia de los países centrales. Hacia el año 2013, ante un contexto internacional económicamente desfavorable y en pleno proceso preelectoral, estos gobiernos evidenciaron ciertas dificultades. La caída de las exportaciones, la aplicación de políticas económicas restrictivas, la “brecha” ideológica, así como errores propios del progresismo, contribuyeron al debilitamiento de estos gobiernos, situación que fue aprovechada internamente por las oposiciones políticaspartidarias. En este sentido, se produjo el avance de la “nueva derecha”, con gobiernos más liberales o conservadores, cuyo objetivo pareciera ser la reestructuración del aparato político-estatal y con un horizonte difuso en lo que a integración regional se refiere.

During the last fifteen years the South American political scenario has been changing. We have gone through a period in which mostly predominated Governments progressives, based on the idea of progress as a tool to achieve development, anchored in extractivism to achieve growth in their economies, supported in the implementation of redistributive policies and the promotion of "regional South American integration", as alternative and hegemonic project to the subordination and dependence of the central countries. Towards the year 2013, before an international context economically unfavourable and in the pre-election process, these Governments showed certain difficulties to give continuity to the previously established policies. The fall of exports, restrictive economic policies and the 'gap' ideological, as well as errors of progressivism, contributed to the weakening of these Governments, situation which was used internally by political-supporter opponents. In this sense, there will be the advancement of the "new right", would take place, with more liberal or conservative governments whose objective seems to be the restructuring of the political-state apparatus with a still-diffuse horizon in which regional integration refers. In this framework of reconfiguration of the South American politics scene the original 2003 process of regional integration associated to a social emancipation and political autonomy with respect to the central countries, has been forgotten. Instead, it has strengthened there would be an advance of an economic, internationalist and commercial regionalism which would involve the signing of free trade agreements.