Emitter/receiver piezoelectric films coupled to flow-batch analyzer for acoustic determination of free glycerol in biodiesel without chemicals/external pretreatment

Abstract

This paper describes for the first time the use of emitter and receiver piezoelectric films coupled one in front of the other into a flow-batch analyzer for acoustic determination of free glycerol in biodiesel without chemicals/external pretreatment. Online extraction of free glycerol from biodiesel was carried out into aqueous solution without chemicals/external pretreatment. While the emitter piezoelectric is activated to sonicate the solution, the receiver piezoelectric translates the acoustic signal received into an electrical signal, which is measured and recorded by a digital oscilloscope. Multivariate calibration models were built for prediction of free glycerol concentration. In this sense, results of partial least square regression (PLS), the interval PLS (iPLS) and PLS coupled with the Successive Projections Algorithm for interval selection (iSPA-PLS) were compared. The proposed low-cost flow-batch analyzer exhibited good performance, satisfactory detection limit (0.12 mg kg−1) and a linear response from 72 to 372 mg kg−1 of free glycerol in biodiesel. The procedure was successfully applied to the analysis of biodiesel samples, and the results agreed with the reference method (ASTM D6584-07) at 95% confidence level.