Embedded flow-batch system with electrochemical detection for the determination of lead in propolis samples

Abstract

A lab-made prototype consisting of a potentiostat with a flow-batch system was designed and implemented under the commercial off the shelf paradigm. The prototype is light-weight and suitable for laboratory performance. Its performance was evaluated with linear sweep voltammetry (LSV) study of ferrocyanide/ferricyanide redox couple and the obtained results were comparable to that obtained with a commercial potentiostat. The system was applied in the determination of lead in propolis samples. For this purpose, bismuth film electrode by square wave anodic stripping voltammetry (SWASV) was employed. The obtained results were validated by atomic emission spectroscopy with inductively coupled plasma and very good agreement was obtained.