The geochemical signature of suspended sediments in the Parana River basin: Implications for provenance, weathering and sedimentary recycling

Abstract

The Paraná River basin is one of the largest hydrological systems in South America. The present study focuses on the mineralogical and chemical composition of the suspended sediments exported by the Paraná River to the Atlantic Ocean, with the aim of analyzing their provenance, the chemical weathering signature and the likelihood of sedimentary recycling. The particulate matter of the Middle Paraná River and its main tributaries (i.e., the Paraguay and the Upper Paraná rivers) is mostly composed of quartz, plagioclase, K-feldspar, and clays, such as illite and kaolinite. Different geochemical approaches indicate that the suspended sediments transported by the Paraná River preserve the chemical signature of its sources and its composition is not significantly modified during transport. These sediments are mainly supplied by acidic arc sources located in the Andean headwaters of the Bermejo and Pilcomayo rivers (and transported by the Paraguay River); and by tholeiitic basalts outcropping in the headwaters of the Upper Paraná River. The incomplete mixing of both main tributaries produces a transverse geochemical asymmetry in the particulate material of the Middle Paraná River, which was detected ~ 32 km downflow the confluence. The suspended load transported by the Paraguay River (which includes the contributions from the Bermejo and Pilcomayo rivers) indicates incipiently to moderately weathering, whereas the particulate matter exported by the Upper Paraná River reveals a higher degree of chemical alteration. This is the result of the different lithology and climatic regimes that prevail in the headwaters of both tributaries. The weathering signature of the Middle Paraná River's suspended load resembles that of the Paraguay River, which in turns supplies most of the particulate matter through the Bermejo River. This work also shows that the suspended load exported by the Paraná River basin has a mixed origin, where the chemical signatures from young materials derived from undifferentiated volcanic rocks, and from recycled materials affected by intra crustal differentiation can be distinguished.