Sodium versus potassium effects on the glutamic acid side-chains interaction on a heptapeptide

Abstract

Equilibrium peptide conformations in solution, especially in the presence of salts, has been of interest for several decades. The fundamental interactions that determine the dominant peptide conformations in solution have been experimentally and computationally probed; however, a uni¯ed understanding has not yet emerged. In a previous study, we performed metadynamics simulations on the heptapeptide AEAAAEA in Sodium Chloride (NaCl) and Potassium Chloride (KCl) solutions at concentrations ranging from 0.5–2.0 M. Using a three-dimensional collective variable coordinate system, we computed the free energy landscapes in each saline environment as well as in pure water. We found that the presence of Naþ and Kþ ions induces some changes in the stability of the conformers that de¯ne the state space, but does not alter the overall energetics between conformers and does not favor helical conformations. We investigate here, how the presence of salts (NaCl and KCl) a®ects the glutamic–glutamic interaction and its consequences on the stability of each equilibrium conformation. We perform this study through ¯xed backbone simulations for the most populated conformations identi¯ed in our previous work: the -helix, 310-helix, -helix, the extended polyproline II (PPII) and 2.51-helix conformations. It was found that for each conformation, there exists stable substates determined by the glutamic acid side-chains distance and orientation, and that Naþ and Kþ cations (de) stabilize preferentially each conformation. It was also found that intramolecular single water mediated hydrogen bonds play a crucial role in the observed (de) stabilization of each equilibrium conformation.