Third order chromatographic-excitation–emission fluorescence data: Advances, challenges and prospects in analytical applications

Abstract

Three analytical methodologies for the generation of third-order liquid chromatography–excitation–emission fluorescence matrix (LC–EEM) data are presented. Instrumental requirements were evaluated considering equipment complexity, costs and accessibility. A descriptive analysis of the generated data was done along trilinearity concept and chemometric resolution. For trilinear decomposition, PARallel FACtor Analysis (PARAFAC) model was utilized. Hence, possible effects that are caused in the resolution due to loss of trilinearity are detailed. Then, several data pre-processing and processing alternatives are proposed in order to successfully overcome the drawbacks that can be present in the chemometric resolution. Additionally, a reported analytical method for the determination of three analytes is presented to showcase the potential of the methodology to generate third-order LC–EEM data with quantitative aims. For data modelling, Augmented PARAFAC (APARAFAC) and Multivariate Curve Resolution-Alternating Least Squares (MCR-ALS) were used. Both algorithms demonstrated to be able to bear non-quadrilinear data in a multi-set analysis.