Manipulating Transverse Modes of Photons for Quantum Cryptography

Abstract

Several schemes have been proposed to extend quantum key distribution protocols aimed at improving their security or at providing new physical substrates for qubit implementation. We present a toolbox to jointly create, manipulate, and measure qubits stored in polarization and transverse-modes degrees of freedom of single photons. The toolbox includes local operations on single qubits, controlled operations between the two qubits, and projective measurements over a wide variety of nonlocal bases in the four-dimensional space of states. We describe how to implement the toolbox to perform an extended version of the BB84 protocol for this Hilbert space (ideally transmitting two key bits per photon). We present the experimental implementation of the measurement scheme both in the regimes of intense light beams and with single photons. Thus, we show the feasibility of implementing the protocol, providing an interesting example of a method for quantum information processing using the polarization and transverse modes of light as qubits.