Tracing Emplaced Capital Footprints in Arcos de Valdevez, Portugal

Abstract

This article examines the spatial footprints of anthropogenic emissions and infrastructures in Arcos de Valdevez, Portugal, in relation to the social composition of its parishes. By analysing air quality, electrical nightlight radiance, building ages, and road infrastructures, the research uncovers the multiple associations between these physical traces and the economic and cultural composition of the resident population. Utilizing data coming from satellite imagery, open-access data, and the 2021 Portuguese census, a Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Mixed Classification (MC) were conducted to spatially delineate these relationships. The findings introduce the concept of “emplaced capital footprints”, highlighting seven clusters manifesting the objectification of multiple capital competences within the physical space.