How can DNA Barcoding be Useful in the Conservation of Marine Organisms?

Abstract

This chapter examines the use of DNA barcoding, a technique that employs a standardized DNA sequence, typically 652 base pairs from the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (COI) gene, to identify and discover species. Although DNA barcoding is effective for many animal species, it has limitations with certain invertebrates, amphibians, and reptiles due to issues like ancestral polymorphisms and hybridization, which can lead to misidentifications. Despite these challenges, DNA barcoding is vital in fields such as ecology, evolutionary biology, and conservation. The chapter particularly emphasizes the technique's significance in marine conservation highlighting its role in identifying cryptic species. This capability enhances species identification and supports preservation efforts, especially in fisheries management. Additionally, DNA barcoding is valuable for analyzing degraded specimens and incomplete remains where traditional methods fall short. The chapter also discusses DNA metabarcoding, an advanced method that allows for the simultaneous identification of multiple species from environmental samples. This technique improves biodiversity monitoring and aids conservation strategies by uncovering hidden species interactions and correcting misconceptions about species diets. However, ongoing challenges such as incomplete reference databases underscore the need for further refinement and integration of DNA barcoding with other data types.