Morphological adaptation to coastal marshes in spite of limited genetic structure in the Neotropical passerine Spartonoica maluroides (Aves: Furnariidae)

Abstract

Tidal marshes present profound adaptive challenges to terrestrial vertebrates. For example, North American sparrows have relatively longer and thinner bills and darker dorsal plumage in coastal saltmarshes than in interior marshes. Bay-capped wren-spinetail (Furnariidae; Spartonoica maluroides) show a strong association with South American saltmarshes. We hypothesized that bay-capped wren-spinetail have similar morphological adaptations to North American sparrows to the saltmarsh environment, which would be indicative of the generality of selection on these traits in the coastal saltmarsh ecosystem. We captured individuals of S. maluroides from coastal saltmarshes and interior marshes. Populations were compared based on morphology and molecular markers. We found significant phenotypic differences in bill shape and plumage coloration (melanism) between S. maluroides populations from coastal and inland marshes. The low levels of genetic variation, weak geographical structure and shallow divergences, based on mitochondrial DNA and microsatellite data, suggest that coastal populations had a recent demographic expansion. Our results are consistent with the pattern of morphological divergence found between North American Emberizids. The possibility of convergent evolutionary adaptations between saltmarsh North American Emberizids and South American Furnariids suggests that there are strong selective pressures associated with saltmarsh environments on the beak, leading to adaptations for food acquisition, and on plumage coloration for better camouflage for predator avoidance (melanism).