Fungos basidiomicetos como agentes de micorremediação de solos contaminados

Abstract

A presença de xenobióticos orgânicos e inorgânicos em solos afeta diversos ecossistemas acarretando danos ao meio ambiente e à saúde humana. Neste contexto, a micorremediação constitui uma alternativa para a descontaminação de ambientes. Dentro desta abordagem se destacam os fungos basidiomicetos, os quais possuem a capacidade de biotransformar diferentes contaminantes em solos poluídos. Esses processos são oxidativos, intra e extracelulares e não específicos, podendo ser compreendidos como processos multi-enzimáticos. A utilização de fungos tem um grande potencial que inclui ao composto residual remanescente ou substrato exaurido de cogumelo (SMS - spent mushroom substrate ou SMC - spent mushroom compost) da produção de cogumelos, o qual pode ser aproveitado em estratégias de micorremediação. O objetivo deste artigo é, portanto, realizar uma revisão bibliográfica referente à micorremediação de solos contaminados empregando fungos basidiomicetos. Além disso, são abordados os processos e as correspondentes enzimas envolvidas e, por fim, as perspectivas do emprego do SMS na biorremediação de solos contaminados. Abstract:The presence of organic and inorganic xenobiotics in soils affects various ecosystems, causing damage to the environment and human health. Mycoremediation is an alternative for the decontamination of environments. Within this approach, basidiomycetes fungi stand out. They have the ability to biotransform different contaminants in polluted soils. These processes are oxidative, intra and extracellular, and non-specific, and can be understood as multi-enzyme processes. The use of fungi has a great potential that includes the residual or spent mushroom substrate (SMS or SMC) from mushroom production, which can be used in mycoremediation strategies. The objective of this paper is, therefore, to perform a literature review on the mycoremedi-ation of contaminated soils using basidiomycete fungi. In addition, the pro-cesses and the corresponding enzymes involved are discussed and, finally, the perspectives of the use of SMS in the bioremediation of contaminated soils.

The presence of organic and inorganic xenobiotics in soils affects various ecosystems, causing damage to the environment and human health. Mycoremediation is an alternative for the decontamination of environments. Within this approach, basidiomycetes fungi stand out. They have the ability to biotransform different contaminants in polluted soils. These processes are oxidative, intra and extracellular, and non-specific, and can be understood as multi-enzyme processes. The use of fungi has a great potential that includes the residual or spent mushroom substrate (SMS or SMC) from mushroom production, which can be used in mycoremediation strategies. The objective of this paper is, therefore, to perform a literature review on the mycoremediation of contaminated soils using basidiomycete fungi. In addition, the processes and the corresponding enzymes involved are discussed and, finally, the perspectives of the use of SMS in the bioremediation of contaminated soils.