Enhanced seed yield of full-season soybean when rotated with cereals and cover crops as compared to monoculture in a long-term experiment

Abstract

Soybeans are of great importance to the global economy, but the cultivation as monoculture has shown several negative environmental implications in the long-term. Long-term studies demonstrate the cumulative effects of rotations on soil variables, but few studies have considered changes during consecutive years in a time series of soybean as a monoculture. The inclusion of cereals and cover crops in rotation with soybean increases the intensification sequence index (ISI, time with crops actively growing during the year) and increases in soybean yield are expected. In line with this, some studies suggest that only including a winter cover crop will increase ISI and raise production. However, these comparisons have not been made in the long term. The objectives of this work were to: i) compare the evolution of full-season soybean yield and production when sowed as monoculture and in cropping sequences that include cereal crops and cover crops, and ii) quantify a yield gap in full-season soybean due to monoculture by evaluating the long-term residual effect of crop sequences with different land occupation. Soybean yield time series in a 14-years period in rotation or as monoculture were studied in a long-term field experiment under no-tillage established in 2006 in the Northern Pampas region of Argentina. Rotations consisted in sequences that included soybean (S), maize (M) and wheat (W), and also incorporated wheat as a winter cover crop (CC): S-S, CC/S-CC/S, S-W/S-M, CC/S-W/S-M, M-W/S, and CC/M-W/S, with ISI values of 0.39, 0.69, 0.55, 0.64, 0.65 and 0.80, respectively. In 2021/22 season, full-season soybean was planted in all plots as a "test" crop, to evaluate the long-term residual effect of sequences with different intensification indexes. Seed yield averaged 3249 kg ha−1 among years. During the 14 years under study, seed yield in S-W/S-M surpassed S-S by 28 % in 6 out of 14 years. The differences between S-S with respect to this sequence were observed consistently from the ninth crop season (i.e. since 2017/18). The inclusion of a cover crop within a soybean monoculture (i.e. CC/S-CC/S) showed similar seed yields as in S-S in 11 out of 14 years. The analysis of the test crop showed yield-gaps when soybeans were grown as monoculture (seed yield in rotations minus seed yield in S-S) of 9, 20, 27, 21 and 31 % for CC/S-CC/S, S-W/S-M, CC/S-W/S-M, M-W/S and CC/M-W/S, respectively. In summary, soybean in rotation with cereals showed an average increase of ca. 346 kg ha−1 and including a cover crop within a soybean monoculture did not increase seed yield at the levels observed when rotated with cereals. Finally, when estimating seed yield-gaps in soybean, it is important to set in which rotation soybean is placed, since a higher maximum yield is expected to happen when soybean follows a more intensified rotation.