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dc.contributor.author
Quenby, Siobhan  
dc.contributor.author
Gallos, Ioannis D.  
dc.contributor.author
Dhillon Smith, Rima K.  
dc.contributor.author
Podesek, Marcelina  
dc.contributor.author
Stephenson, Mary D.  
dc.contributor.author
Fisher, Joanne  
dc.contributor.author
Brosens, Jan J.  
dc.contributor.author
Brewin, Jane  
dc.contributor.author
Ramhorst, Rosanna Elizabeth  
dc.contributor.author
Lucas, Emma S.  
dc.contributor.author
McCoy, Rajiv C.  
dc.contributor.author
Anderson, Robert  
dc.contributor.author
Daher, Shahd  
dc.contributor.author
Regan, Lesley  
dc.contributor.author
Al Memar, Maya  
dc.contributor.author
Bourne, Tom  
dc.contributor.author
MacIntyre, David A.  
dc.contributor.author
Rai, Raj  
dc.contributor.author
Christiansen, Ole B.  
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Sugiura Ogasawara, Mayumi  
dc.contributor.author
Odendaal, Joshua  
dc.contributor.author
Devall, Adam J.  
dc.contributor.author
Bennett, Phillip R.  
dc.contributor.author
Petrou, Stavros  
dc.contributor.author
Coomarasamy, Arri  
dc.date.available
2022-12-26T16:10:11Z  
dc.date.issued
2021-05  
dc.identifier.citation
Quenby, Siobhan; Gallos, Ioannis D.; Dhillon Smith, Rima K.; Podesek, Marcelina; Stephenson, Mary D.; et al.; Miscarriage matters: the epidemiological, physical, psychological, and economic costs of early pregnancy loss; Elsevier Science Inc.; Lancet; 397; 10285; 5-2021; 1658-1667  
dc.identifier.issn
0140-6736  
dc.identifier.uri
http://hdl.handle.net/11336/182324  
dc.description.abstract
Miscarriage is generally defined as the loss of a pregnancy before viability. An estimated 23 million miscarriages occur every year worldwide, translating to 44 pregnancy losses each minute. The pooled risk of miscarriage is 15·3% (95% CI 12·5–18·7%) of all recognised pregnancies. The population prevalence of women who have had one miscarriage is 10·8% (10·3–11·4%), two miscarriages is 1·9% (1·8–2·1%), and three or more miscarriages is 0·7% (0·5–0·8%). Risk factors for miscarriage include very young or older female age (younger than 20 years and older than 35 years), older male age (older than 40 years), very low or very high body-mass index, Black ethnicity, previous miscarriages, smoking, alcohol, stress, working night shifts, air pollution, and exposure to pesticides. The consequences of miscarriage are both physical, such as bleeding or infection, and psychological. Psychological consequences include increases in the risk of anxiety, depression, post-traumatic stress disorder, and suicide. Miscarriage, and especially recurrent miscarriage, is also a sentinel risk marker for obstetric complications, including preterm birth, fetal growth restriction, placental abruption, and stillbirth in future pregnancies, and a predictor of longer-term health problems, such as cardiovascular disease and venous thromboembolism. The costs of miscarriage affect individuals, health-care systems, and society. The short-term national economic cost of miscarriage is estimated to be £471 million per year in the UK. As recurrent miscarriage is a sentinel marker for various obstetric risks in future pregnancies, women should receive care in preconception and obstetric clinics specialising in patients at high risk. As psychological morbidity is common after pregnancy loss, effective screening instruments and treatment options for mental health consequences of miscarriage need to be available. We recommend that miscarriage data are gathered and reported to facilitate comparison of rates among countries, to accelerate research, and to improve patient care and policy development.  
dc.format
application/pdf  
dc.language.iso
eng  
dc.publisher
Elsevier Science Inc.  
dc.rights
info:eu-repo/semantics/restrictedAccess  
dc.rights.uri
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/2.5/ar/  
dc.subject
Recurrent pregnancy loss  
dc.subject
recurrent miscarriage  
dc.subject.classification
Obstetricia y Ginecología  
dc.subject.classification
Medicina Clínica  
dc.subject.classification
CIENCIAS MÉDICAS Y DE LA SALUD  
dc.title
Miscarriage matters: the epidemiological, physical, psychological, and economic costs of early pregnancy loss  
dc.type
info:eu-repo/semantics/article  
dc.type
info:ar-repo/semantics/artículo  
dc.type
info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion  
dc.date.updated
2022-09-22T00:27:08Z  
dc.identifier.eissn
1474-547X  
dc.journal.volume
397  
dc.journal.number
10285  
dc.journal.pagination
1658-1667  
dc.journal.pais
Estados Unidos  
dc.description.fil
Fil: Quenby, Siobhan. University of Warwick; Reino Unido. University Hospitals Coventry and Warwickshire NHS Trust; Reino Unido  
dc.description.fil
Fil: Gallos, Ioannis D.. University of Birmingham; Reino Unido  
dc.description.fil
Fil: Dhillon Smith, Rima K.. University of Birmingham; Reino Unido  
dc.description.fil
Fil: Podesek, Marcelina. University of Birmingham; Reino Unido  
dc.description.fil
Fil: Stephenson, Mary D.. University of Illinois; Estados Unidos  
dc.description.fil
Fil: Fisher, Joanne. University of Warwick; Reino Unido  
dc.description.fil
Fil: Brosens, Jan J.. University of Warwick; Reino Unido. University Hospitals Coventry and Warwickshire NHS Trust; Reino Unido  
dc.description.fil
Fil: Brewin, Jane. Tommy's Charity; Reino Unido  
dc.description.fil
Fil: Ramhorst, Rosanna Elizabeth. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Ciudad Universitaria. Instituto de Química Biológica de la Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Instituto de Química Biológica de la Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales; Argentina  
dc.description.fil
Fil: Lucas, Emma S.. University of Warwick; Reino Unido. University Hospitals Coventry and Warwickshire NHS Trust; Reino Unido  
dc.description.fil
Fil: McCoy, Rajiv C.. University Johns Hopkins; Estados Unidos  
dc.description.fil
Fil: Anderson, Robert. University of Oxford; Reino Unido  
dc.description.fil
Fil: Daher, Shahd. University of Oxford; Reino Unido  
dc.description.fil
Fil: Regan, Lesley. Imperial College London; Reino Unido  
dc.description.fil
Fil: Al Memar, Maya. Imperial College London; Reino Unido  
dc.description.fil
Fil: Bourne, Tom. Imperial College London; Reino Unido  
dc.description.fil
Fil: MacIntyre, David A.. Imperial College London; Reino Unido  
dc.description.fil
Fil: Rai, Raj. Imperial College London; Reino Unido  
dc.description.fil
Fil: Christiansen, Ole B.. Aalborg University; Dinamarca  
dc.description.fil
Fil: Sugiura Ogasawara, Mayumi. Nagoya City University; Japón  
dc.description.fil
Fil: Odendaal, Joshua. University of Warwick; Reino Unido. University Hospitals Coventry and Warwickshire NHS Trust; Reino Unido  
dc.description.fil
Fil: Devall, Adam J.. University of Birmingham; Reino Unido  
dc.description.fil
Fil: Bennett, Phillip R.. University Johns Hopkins; Estados Unidos  
dc.description.fil
Fil: Petrou, Stavros. University of Oxford; Reino Unido  
dc.description.fil
Fil: Coomarasamy, Arri. University of Birmingham; Reino Unido  
dc.journal.title
Lancet  
dc.relation.alternativeid
info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/doi/http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(21)00682-6  
dc.relation.alternativeid
info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/url/https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(21)00682-6/fulltext