Metabolomic profiling of the halophyte Prosopis strombulifera shows sodium salt- specific response

Abstract

Primary and secondary metabolite profiles were analyzed in roots and leaves of the halophytic shrub Prosopis strombulifera in response to control plants (no salt added in the growing media) and to lowering the osmotic potential to −1.0, −1.9, and −2.6 MPa generated by NaCl, Na2SO4, and the iso-osmotic combination of them at 24 h after reaching such potential. A rapid production of metabolites in response to sodium salt was found, which was correlated with modifications in growth parameters. Analysis of polar metabolite profiles by GC-MS rendered a total of 108 significantly altered compounds including 18 amino acids, 19 secondary metabolites, 23 carbohydrates, 13 organic acids, 4 indole acids, among others. Primary metabolites showed a differential response under the salt treatments, which was dependent on salt type and concentration, organ and age of plants. Most of identified compounds showed the strongest accumulation at the highest salt concentration assayed for Na2SO4-treated plants, which was correlated with damaging effects of sulfate anion on plant growth. Roots of NaCl-treated plants showed a higher number of altered metabolites (analyzed by UPLC-ESI-QqTOF-MS) compared to other treatments, while leaves of Na2SO4-treated plants showed the highest number of altered signals. A low degree of overlapping between secondary metabolites altered in roots and leaves of NaCl and Na2SO4-treated plants was found. However, when both NaCl and Na2SO4 salts were present plants always showed a lower number of altered metabolites. Three compounds were tentatively identified: tryptophan, lysophosphatidylcoline and 13-hydroxyoctadecadienoic acid. Increasing knowledge on P. strombulifera metabolism will contribute to unravel the underlying biochemical mechanism of salt tolerance.