Removal of thallium from environmental samples using a raw and chemically modified biosorbent derived from domestic wastes

Abstract

Because of its high toxicity, thallium (Tl) causes environmental pollution even at very low concentrations. Despite its extremely high environmental risk, limited information about Tl removal from water is present on the literature. This work focused on the use of an eco-friendly and low-cost Ilex paraguariensis (yerba mate) biowaste to remove Tl from environmental water samples. Raw (YM) and l-cysteine chemically modified yerba mate (YM@LC) were used. The effect of pH and biosorbent concentration on the biosorption capacity was studied using an experimental design. The optimal experimental conditions were as follows: YM concentration 0.25 g L−1, pH 6.0, and YM@LC concentration 0.25 g L−1, pH 4.0. Kinetic studies yielded data that were in accordance with pseudo-second-order model. Equilibrium studies were also developed and indicated that the most appropriate model was that of Sips, with a maximum capacity of biosorption at 328 K of 333.4 mg g−1 for YM and 384.4 mg g−1 for YM@LC. The thermodynamic evaluation exhibited an endothermic, spontaneous, and favorable biosorption for both biosorbents. YM and YM@LC showed significant potential for Tl removal from environmental water samples.