Pathogenesis of Fabry nephropathy: The pathways leading to fibrosis

Abstract

Background: Kidney is one of the main target organs in Fabry disease, a lysosomal X-linked genetic disorder. Renal involvement is characterized by proteinuria and progressive chronic kidney disease leading to end-stage renal disease. Pathogenic mechanisms in the progression of renal damage in Fabry disease are not thoroughly known yet. The lysosomal Gb3 deposition is the first step of complex pathological pathways resulting in renal sclerosis/fibrosis. Our hypothesis is that Fabry disease associated cellular alterations in tubular cells induce the production of TGF-β1, which mediate transdifferentiation of renal cells into myofibroblasts resulting in fibrosis of renal tissue. Objectives: The aim of this work is to study the mechanisms leading to fibrosis in kidney from human Fabry patients. Methods: Fifteen renal biopsies from naïve Fabry patients were included. Histological and immunohistochemical analysis was carried out. Results: Positive staining for TGF-β1 was found in tubular epithelial cells in biopsies from Fabry patients. Apoptosis was determined by active caspase 3 staining in tubular and mesangial glomerular cells. Due to TGF-β1 is the main profibrotic cytokine and induces accumulation of myofibroblasts, we performed a study for its marker α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA). This study revealed expression of α-SMA on pericytes surrounding peritubular capillaries, smooth muscle cells of blood vessels, mesangial cells and periglomerular zone. TGF-β1 is produced mainly by tubular cells in Fabry kidney biopsies probably inducing cellular trans-differentiation of renal cells into myofibroblasts. A positive staining for a marker of myofibroblasts was present, affirming the presence of those profibrotic cells. Conclusions: These results show for the first time that TGF-β1 is expressed in human renal tissue from Fabry patients, and that this profibrotic cytokine is mainly produced by proximal tubular cells. In addition both, peritubular interstitium and glomeruli, presented cells positive for myofibroblasts markers.