Degradation and mineralization of erythromycin by heterogeneous photocatalysis using SnO2-doped TiO2 structured catalysts: Activity and stability

Abstract

Heterogeneous photocatalysis was used for the degradation and mineralization of erythromycin (ERY), with a consequent production of carboxylic acids. For that, a series of TiO2 and Ti1-xSnxO2 structured catalysts, namely M1 to M5, was prepared using the washcoating method, with the catalytic coatings being deposited onto stainless steel meshes. Besides, the catalytic activity of the prepared systems was compared to that of the commercial mesh (CM). The results showed that the prepared TiO2 structured catalyst (M1) presented better ERY oxidation than the CM one, what was associated to the higher catalyst load and to the anatase/rutile ratio. Considering the Sn-doped structured catalysts, for M2, M4 and M5 catalysts, lower ERY mineralization and high formation of carboxylic acids were found, when compared to the M3 catalyst. The improved M3 activity was attributed to the formation of a staggered gap (type II heterojunction), providing better charge separation. In this situation, a high generation of hydroxyl radicals is obtained, resulting on a higher ERY mineralization. By the obtained results it is possible to determine that the addition order and the type of Sn compound added in the washcoating process, affects the catalytic activity due to the formation of a solid solution and to the type of produced heterostructures. The M3 catalyst also showed high stability in long-term tests up to 44 h of reaction. The results provide insights into the development of an inexpensive structured catalyst production method and its influence in the stability of the photocatalyst, as well as in its applicability on water/wastewater treatment.