The rigid steroid 21-hydroxy-6,19-epoxyprogesterone (21OH-6,19OP) is a dissociated glucocorticoid receptor modulator potentially useful as a novel coadjuvant in breast cancer chemotherapy

Abstract

Glucocorticoids (GCs) are steroid hormones widely used as coadjuvants in the treatment of solid tumors due to their anti-inflammatory effects. However, evidence show that they also may induce chemotherapy resistance, probably through their capacity to inhibit apoptosis triggered by antineoplastic drugs. GCs exert their action by regulating gene expression throughout two main mechanisms: transactivation, where the activated glucocorticoid receptor (GR) directly binds to certain genes; and transrepression, an indirect mechanism by which GR regulates other transcription factors activities. Recently, our group has shown that the rigid steroid 21-hydroxy-6,19-epoxyprogesterone (21OH-6,19OP) is a selective GR ligand that behaves as an agonist in transrepression assays and as an antagonist in transactivation ones. Here, we have evaluated the anti-inflammatory activity of 21OH-6,19OP, its capacity to generate chemoresistance, as well as its mechanism of action. We found that 21OH-6,19OP inhibits nitrites formation and the inducible nitric oxide synthase (Nos-2) expression in macrophages. It also blocks the expression of both cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and interleukin-8 (IL-8) triggered by tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) in epithelial lung cancer cells. However, contrary to dexamethasone (DEX), 21OH-6,19OP neither reverts the paclitaxel-induced caspase-3 activity, nor induces the anti-apoptotic Bcl-XL gene expression in murine tumor mammary epithelial cells; and importantly, it lacks GCs-associated chemoresistance in a mouse mammary tumor model. Together, our findings suggest that 21OH-6,19OP behaves as a dissociated GC that keeps anti-inflammatory action without affecting the apoptotic process triggered by chemotherapeutic drugs. For these reasons, this steroid may become a putative novel coadjuvant in the treatment of breast cancer.