Los Huarpes de Lavalle (Mendoza, Argentina): territorio, recursos naturales y gubernamentalidad
; Gascon, Margarita Susana 
Otros responsables
Fecha
07/2019
Editorial
Gobierno de Entre Ríos. Ministerio de Cultura y Comunicación. Museo de Ciencias Naturales y Antropológicas "Prof. Antonio Serrano"
Revista
Revista de Antropología del Museo de Entre Ríos
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ISSN
1853-7138
eISSN
2347-033X
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Español
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Resumen
Este artículo considera a la gubernamentalidad desde una perspectiva que combina elementos de la historia ambiental con reflexiones de la biopolítica. Consideramos el caso etnográfico de los Huarpes del desierto de Lavalle en Mendoza, su ambiente y recursos naturales en la larga duración. A la llegada de los españoles, sobre finales del siglo XVI, los Huarpes habían desarrollado un extenso conocimiento sobre el secano y aprovechaban los recursos naturales, como el pesquero en las Lagunas de Guanacache. Fue importante que los Huarpes comerciaran estos recursos con la ciudad de Mendoza, fundada en 1561, porque les permitió acceder a los bienes con que los españoles les pagaban. Pronto los nativos adoptaron formas europeas de producir, particularmente adoptaron la ganadería extensiva de cabras que continúa hasta hoy. Hubo consecuencias negativas en lo demográfico por las enfermedades y las encomiendas sin residencia. En 1820 se adoptó la forma de provincia republicana y el Estado organizó el territorio donde todavía vivían Huarpes como “Subdelegación de Lagunas”. Las medidas administrativas y jurídicas del siglo XIX claramente afectaron a la posesión de la tierra y, con ello, empobrecieron a los pobladores por las limitaciones en el acceso a los recursos naturales. Paralelamente, hubo cambios ambientales en Guanacache al mermar el caudal del río Mendoza desde finales del siglo XVIII. En consecuencia, el área donde el Huarpe había vivido desde tiempos precolombinos comenzó a asociarse a “desierto y pobreza” mientras que la ciudad comenzó a ser sinónimo del “oasis y progreso”. La primera asociación describía al indígena como ocioso y pobre mientras que la segunda era posible gracias al inmigrante europeo dispuesto a trabajar. Los Huarpes y sus descendientes (denominados “Adscriptos Huarpes”) debieron esperar hasta la segunda mitad del siglo XX para recuperar sus derechos, comenzando por el reconocimiento de la identidad étnica. El objetivo de este artículo es reconstruir los momentos importantes de este proceso de larga duración en el territorio de los Huarpe, el ambiente y los recursos naturales, desde consideraciones de la historia ambiental y la biopolítica.
The article deals with the gubernamentality from a combining perspective of the environmental history and Foucault´s concept about biopolitic. Based on an ethnographic case, we consider the evolution of the relationship between the Huarpe of Mendoza, who live in the desert (secano) of Lavalle (Mendoza) and their environment and natural resources. We describe a long-term process that started with the arrival of the Spaniards by the end of the sixteenth century when the Huarpe had already developed a comprehensive knowledge of the environment and so were able to profit from available resources, such as the abundant fisheries in the Lagunas de Guanacache. During colonial times, it was an important fact that the natives traded resources with the city of Mendoza, founded in 1561, for they had access to many of the Spanish goods that natives received as a payment. Soon he Huarpe adopted the European forms of producing foodstuff, the cattle raising of goats that became an economic activity lasting until today. Negative impacts of the conquest refer to the demographic decline due to diseases and the encomiendas sin residencia. In 1820 Mendoza started to be a republican province. The national State organized the “Subdelegación de Lagunas” where Huarpes still lived. Administrative and legal measures clearly affected the ownership of both native land and natural resources in a process of gradual dispossession paired with environmental changes. Guanacache, for example, was deprived of the water flowing from the river Mendoza from the end of the eighteenth century onward. As a result of the dispossession, Huarpe descendants became increasingly impoverished. The area where these natives had lived from pre-Columbian times became associated with the negative features of “desert and poverty” while the city became the synonymous of “oasis and progress”. The first association created the image of the poor and lazy Indian while the second, the image of an oasis thanks to prone-to-work European immigrants. Huarpes and their descendants (the so-called “Adscriptos Huarpes”) had to wait until the second half of the twentieth century to recover rights, starting with the recognition of the ethnic identity. The goal of the article is to reconstruct the important moments of this long-term process. The territory that has belonged to the Huarpe of Lavalle with its natural resources is analyzed from a combining perspective of the environmental history and the biopolitics
The article deals with the gubernamentality from a combining perspective of the environmental history and Foucault´s concept about biopolitic. Based on an ethnographic case, we consider the evolution of the relationship between the Huarpe of Mendoza, who live in the desert (secano) of Lavalle (Mendoza) and their environment and natural resources. We describe a long-term process that started with the arrival of the Spaniards by the end of the sixteenth century when the Huarpe had already developed a comprehensive knowledge of the environment and so were able to profit from available resources, such as the abundant fisheries in the Lagunas de Guanacache. During colonial times, it was an important fact that the natives traded resources with the city of Mendoza, founded in 1561, for they had access to many of the Spanish goods that natives received as a payment. Soon he Huarpe adopted the European forms of producing foodstuff, the cattle raising of goats that became an economic activity lasting until today. Negative impacts of the conquest refer to the demographic decline due to diseases and the encomiendas sin residencia. In 1820 Mendoza started to be a republican province. The national State organized the “Subdelegación de Lagunas” where Huarpes still lived. Administrative and legal measures clearly affected the ownership of both native land and natural resources in a process of gradual dispossession paired with environmental changes. Guanacache, for example, was deprived of the water flowing from the river Mendoza from the end of the eighteenth century onward. As a result of the dispossession, Huarpe descendants became increasingly impoverished. The area where these natives had lived from pre-Columbian times became associated with the negative features of “desert and poverty” while the city became the synonymous of “oasis and progress”. The first association created the image of the poor and lazy Indian while the second, the image of an oasis thanks to prone-to-work European immigrants. Huarpes and their descendants (the so-called “Adscriptos Huarpes”) had to wait until the second half of the twentieth century to recover rights, starting with the recognition of the ethnic identity. The goal of the article is to reconstruct the important moments of this long-term process. The territory that has belonged to the Huarpe of Lavalle with its natural resources is analyzed from a combining perspective of the environmental history and the biopolitics
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