Actitudes hacia la jubilación

Abstract

Los objetivos del presente trabajo fueron: (1) Comparar las actitudes hacia la jubilación de una muestra de sujetos en las etapas pre y posjubilatoria. (2) Analizar la influencia de ciertas variables tales como: edad, género, estado civil, nivel educacional, nivel ocupacional, grado de conformidad con el monto del haber jubilatorio, grado de satisfacción laboral, percepción de apoyo social, uso del tiempo libre, existencia o no de proyectos para el futuro, nivel de autoestima, etc., sobre las actitudes de ambos grupos hacia la jubilación. (3) Analizar la relación entre ciertas variables de personalidad y las actitudes hacia la jubilación. Dentro de este objetivo se puso a prueba la siguiente hipótesis: Las personas menos afectivas, con un yo más débil, más ansiosas, con tendencia a la culpabilidad y con predominio del control interno o externo poseen actitudes más desfavorables hacia la jubilación, que aquellas personas que son más afectivas, con un yo más fuerte, menos ansiosas, con baja tendencia a la culpabilidad y con equilibrio entre el control interno y externo. Para realizar este estudio se construyeron los siguientes instrumentos de medición: dos cuestionarios de datos personales (uno para las personas que estaban en la etapa prejubilatoria y otro para los jubilados) y dos escalas para medir las actitudes hacia la jubilación, una utilizando el método del diferencial semántico de Osgood, Suci y Tannenbaum (1957) y otra, utilizando el método de intervalos aparentemente iguales de Thurstone y Chave (1937). A fin de analizar la relación entre las actitudes hacia la jubilación y ciertos rasgos de personalidad fueron seleccionados los factores: A (Afectividad), C (Fuerza del yo), O (Tendencia a la culpabilidad) y Q4 (Ansiedad) del Test 16 PF de Cattell, Eber y Tatsuoka (1970). Para analizar la relación entre las actitudes hacia la jubilación y la creencia en el control de los sucesos de la vida cotidiana, se utilizó una versión abreviada de la Escala de Locus de Control de Rotter (1966). Estos instrumentos fueron administrados a una muestra de tipo accidental integrada por 300 personas mayores de 55 años residentes en un gran centro urbano como es la Ciudad de Buenos Aires (República Argentina), el 50% se encontraba en la etapa prejubilatoria y el 50% restante en la posjubilatoria. Se realizó un análisis estadístico multivariado de los datos recogidos. Los resultados obtenidos mostraron que la mayoría de las variables consideradas influyen en forma estadísticamente significativa, ya sea en forma favorable o desfavorable, sobre las actitudes hacia la jubilación. Por último, fue corroborada la hipótesis formulada previamente.

This study had the following objectives: (1) To compare attitudes toward retirement in individuals before and after pension is received. (2) To analyze the influence of variables such as age, sex, marital status, education, occupation, agreement with the amount of pension, degree of work satisfaction, perception of social support, use of free time, presence or absence of future projects, level of self-respect, etc., upon the attitudes toward retirement in both groups. (3) To analyze the relationship between attitudes toward retirement and some personality traits. We had the following hypothesis: People with less affection, weak egos, highly anxious, with a tendency to blame themselves, with either more internal or external control, are the ones that show more unfavorable attitudes towards retirement. On the other hand, individuals with high levels of affection, with strong egos, with less anxiety, with lower tendencies to blame themselves, and with a good balance between internal and external control, show more favorable attitudes towards retirement. We designed two questionnaires: one for people before retirement and one for those already retired. The questionnaires were partly structured, with open and closed items, as well as a section for basic data (such as age, sex, marital status, education, and so on). The items in the questionnaires explored the following areas: work activities before retirement or presently, future projects, use of free time and their satisfaction with it, beliefs and level of religiosity, perception of social support, degree to which they agree with the amount of their pension, level of self respect and so on. With the purpose of measuring attitudes toward retirement, we constructed two scales using two methods: Osgood’s differential semantic method (Osgood, Suci & Tannenbaum, 1957) and Thurstone’s apparently equal intervals method (Thurstone & Chave, 1937). The score intercorrelations were factor analyzed, since one of the goals was to find the number of underlying dimensions in the tests, and thus have a validated scale to measure attitudes. To analyze the relationship between attitudes toward retirement and beliefs in the control of everyday life events, we used an abbreviated version based on Rotter’s former scale of locus of control (1966). To study the relationship between attitudes and some personality traits we selected Cattell’s factors of A (Affection), C (Ego strength), O (Guilt tendency), and Q4 (Anxiety) from the 16PF Test (Cattell, Eber & Tatsuoka, 1970). All these instruments were administered randomly to 300 people of ages 55 or more, living in a large urban area such as the city of Buenos Aires (República Argentina), 50% were people before retirement and 50% had already retired. We applied a multivariate statistical analysis on the data. The results showed that most of the variables which were studied have a significant influence, whether positive or negative, upon the attitudes toward retirement. Individuals with a positive attitude towards retirement obtained significantly higher scores in affection, ego strength, and significantly lower scores in guilt tendencies and anxiety compared to those with unfavorable attitudes. Besides, the people that maintain a good balance between internal and external control show more positive attitudes toward retirement than those who show prevalence in either type of control.