Effect of simple and complex enrichment added to standard-sized cages in behavioral, physiological, and neurological variables in female Swiss mice (Mus musculus)

Abstract

Environmental enrichment (EE) has been a widely used tool to improve animal welfare, as well as to study brain plasticity. Traditional EE settings in the field of neuroscience employ highly complex cages with numerous objects and increased space, whereas more simple additions included for the control treatment are rarely considered in the experimental design. This leads to a lack of consistency of what neuroscientists designate as “standard housing,” which might compromise the reproducibility of the results. Therefore, we employed standard-sized cages to study how different EE configurations can affect several biological markers of animal welfare. We first compared barren cages with cages containing nest material and a cardboard roll or cages having a complex set of elements. For this purpose, we studied anxiety-like behavior, corticosterone metabolites in feces, and cell survival in the hippocampus. Complex enrichment (CE) increased the concentration of corticosterone metabolites while also decreasing anxiety-like behavior. Interestingly, both simple and CEs were able to promote cell survival in the hippocampus, and this measure was positively correlated to corticosterone metabolites. Furthermore, in a second experiment, one of the elements of the CE was able to reduce anxiety-like behavior and blood glucose reactivity after exposure to a stressful situation. Altogether, this study calls attention about how sensitive experimental outcomes are to these simple EE elements. Even though EE is recommended by most guidelines for the care and use of laboratory animals, a detailed analysis of the EE protocol that is going to be implemented is highly encouraged.