Genetic Improvement of Perennial Forage Plants for Salt Tolerance

Abstract

The difficulties of genetic improvement of forage species are further complicated by the intricacies of salinity stress. Multiple evidence of the effects of salinity on germination and establishment highlight some of the limitations that must be overcome in order to carry out successful breeding programs for pastures. Different sources of variation feasible to be used in such breeding programs areanalyzed. The application of morpho-physiological selection criteria such as “salt glands” or “Na exclusion,” simulation of the saline environment to assess germination behavior, initial growth or production before defoliation are considered. Methodological advances in sequencing and bioinformatics allow us to predict a prominent role in the application of “Genomic Selection”. On the other hand, the advances in gene technologies have allowed direct the changes to specific sites by “Gene Edition” techniques, which are also very promising. The different methodologies of population management are largely dependent on reproductive systems, and it is a field where knowledge and “art” combine for successful results in plant breeding. Conclusions are drawn from the experiences carried out, and future perspectives for the improvement of perennial forage are analyzed. Both classical and molecular breeding come together not as alternatives but as complements.